0.30ecs
ecs 时间:2021-03-02 阅读:()
1ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlFORCE-BASEDASSESSMENTOFWELDGEOMETRYFORCE-BASEDASSESSMENTOFWELDGEOMETRYCoenraadEsveldCoenraadEsveldDelftUniversityofTechnologyEsveldConsultingServicesDelftUniversityofTechnologyEsveldConsultingServices2ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDAMAGEDUETOPOORWELDGEOMETRYDAMAGEDUETOPOORWELDGEOMETRY3ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlEXISTINGWELDGEOMETRYSTANDARDSEXISTINGWELDGEOMETRYSTANDARDSForexampleVersine:0ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlThedynamiccontactforceasafunctionofthefirsttimederivative:Thedynamiccontactforceasafunctionofthefirsttimederivative:VELOCITYAPPROACHVELOCITYAPPROACHzvu(t)=z(t)MK2dyndzFCv*dx=2dyndzFCv*dx=5ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlzQI≤1:AcceptedzQI>1:RejectedzQI≤1:AcceptedzQI>1:RejectedQUALITYINDICES(QI)QUALITYINDICES(QI)maxmaxnormnormdzFdxQI1OKdzFdx==≤maxmaxnormnormdzFdxQI1OKdzFdx==≤6ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlFORCE-BASEDSTANDARDSFORCE-BASEDSTANDARDS1.
4mrad50kN100km/h0.
7mrad140kN300km/hInclinationFDynVelocity0.
9mrad65kN200km/h1.
8mrad35kN140km/h2.
4mrad15kN80km/h3.
2mrad5kN40km/hQI=1QI=1ConventionalConventionalHSLHSLHHHHImplementedinRAILPROFImplementedinRAILPROFTotalforceinprinciple225kNTotalforceinprinciple225kN7ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlNEWVERSUSOLDNORMNEWVERSUSOLDNORM1.
00.
30OldNorm0.
70.
21300km/hInclination[mrad]Versine[mm]Velocity0.
90.
27200km/h1.
80.
54140km/h2.
40.
7280km/h3.
20.
9640km/h0dz2zdx20.
31.
0mrad2πλπ==≈0dz2zdx20.
31.
0mrad2πλπ==≈02xzzsinπλ=02xzzsinπλ=2mλ=2mλ=02z02z0z0.
3mm=0z0.
3mm=For80km/hthenewnormis2.
4timesmorefavorablethantheoldnorm,providedshortwaveshavebeengroundoff.
For80km/hthenewnormis2.
4timesmorefavorablethantheoldnorm,providedshortwaveshavebeengroundoff.
8ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlLATERALGEOMETRYSTANDARDSLATERALGEOMETRYSTANDARDS0.
5mm300km/hVersineVelocity0.
5mm200km/h0.
5mm140km/h0.
7mm80km/h1.
0mm40km/hQI=1QI=1ImplementedinRAILPROFImplementedinRAILPROF9ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlASSESSMENTOLDANDNEWONPRORAILASSESSMENTOLDANDNEWONPRORAILRP002432RP002432RP002945RP002945RP002949RP002949RP003125RP003125Oldnorm:Rejected,New:OKOldnorm:Rejected,New:OKOldnorm:OK,New:RejectedOldnorm:Rejected,New:Rejected10ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlSELECTIONONPRORAILSELECTIONONPRORAIL00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequencyCDFMoerdijk-Dordrecht(VSRT)Delft-DenHaagLageZwaluwe-HollandsDiep0123456789WeldQualityIndex[-](140km/h)81%60%31%1.
8mrad(140km/h)1.
8mrad(140km/h)Limitat80km/hLimitat80km/h100weldspergroup100weldspergroup11ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlOLDVERSUSNEWSTANDARDSOLDVERSUSNEWSTANDARDS00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239welds00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239weldsQInormat140km/his3timesmorefavorablethanoldnorm00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239welds00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239weldsQInormat140km/his3timesmorefavorablethanoldnorm12ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nly=18,62x+20,93R2=0,0905010000,250,50,7511,25versine[mm]max.
dyn.
contactforce[kN]y=4,33xR2=0,9105010005101520max.
discretisedgradient(5mmbasis)[mrad]max.
dyn.
contactforce[kN]LowcorrelationforceandversineLowcorrelationforceandversineHighcorrelationforceandQIHighcorrelationforceandQICALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCESCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCES13ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDynamicforcelinearwithQIDynamicforcelinearwithQIDynamicforcelinearwithtrainspeedDynamicforcelinearwithtrainspeed0204060801001201401600246810max.
weldslope[mrad]Fdyn[kN]v=300km/hv=140km/hv=80km/hv=40km/hy=0,28xR2=0,98020406080100050100150200250300trainspeed[km/h]Fdyn[kN]slope:5mradCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCESCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCES14ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlAXLEBOXACCELERATIONSAXLEBOXACCELERATIONSDynamicamplificationlessthan2.
2Dynamicamplificationlessthan2.
2y=0,23x+1,11R2=0,5911,21,41,61,822,200,511,522,53QI(140km/h)DAF(750Hz)15ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlProcedure:zSampleweldgeometrywithdigitalstraightedgezFiltermeasuredsignalzDetermine1stderivative(inclination)zNormalizewithinterventionvalueforlinespeedzCalculateQI.
zQIECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlPRACTICALIMPLEMENTATIONPRACTICALIMPLEMENTATION17ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlPDASCREENPDASCREENV=140km/hQI=1.
06V=140km/hQI=1.
06QIuniquelyshowswheretogrindQIuniquelyshowswheretogrind18ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDESKTOPSOFTWAREDESKTOPSOFTWAREAlldataandgraphscanbeshownonaPC;Resultsinpdf-formatcandirectlybeemailedtocustomer.
AlldataandgraphscanbeshownonaPC;Resultsinpdf-formatcandirectlybeemailedtocustomer.
19ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS1.
Theorybasedonfirstderivativeworksfineinpractice;2.
Steelstraightedgeisabsolutelyinadequate;3.
InsteadelectronicstraightedgeswithQI(RAILPROF);4.
HighcorrelationofforceandQI,lowcorrelationwithversine;5.
WithRAILPROFQImeasurement:Youseewhatyoudo;Higherquality;Lessrejectionsprovidedshortwavesaregroundproperly(alsonegativeweldsallowed);Extensionoflifecycle.
1.
Theorybasedonfirstderivativeworksfineinpractice;2.
Steelstraightedgeisabsolutelyinadequate;3.
InsteadelectronicstraightedgeswithQI(RAILPROF);4.
HighcorrelationofforceandQI,lowcorrelationwithversine;5.
WithRAILPROFQImeasurement:Youseewhatyoudo;Higherquality;Lessrejectionsprovidedshortwavesaregroundproperly(alsonegativeweldsallowed);Extensionoflifecycle.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlFORCE-BASEDASSESSMENTOFWELDGEOMETRYFORCE-BASEDASSESSMENTOFWELDGEOMETRYCoenraadEsveldCoenraadEsveldDelftUniversityofTechnologyEsveldConsultingServicesDelftUniversityofTechnologyEsveldConsultingServices2ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDAMAGEDUETOPOORWELDGEOMETRYDAMAGEDUETOPOORWELDGEOMETRY3ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlEXISTINGWELDGEOMETRYSTANDARDSEXISTINGWELDGEOMETRYSTANDARDSForexampleVersine:0ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlThedynamiccontactforceasafunctionofthefirsttimederivative:Thedynamiccontactforceasafunctionofthefirsttimederivative:VELOCITYAPPROACHVELOCITYAPPROACHzvu(t)=z(t)MK2dyndzFCv*dx=2dyndzFCv*dx=5ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlzQI≤1:AcceptedzQI>1:RejectedzQI≤1:AcceptedzQI>1:RejectedQUALITYINDICES(QI)QUALITYINDICES(QI)maxmaxnormnormdzFdxQI1OKdzFdx==≤maxmaxnormnormdzFdxQI1OKdzFdx==≤6ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlFORCE-BASEDSTANDARDSFORCE-BASEDSTANDARDS1.
4mrad50kN100km/h0.
7mrad140kN300km/hInclinationFDynVelocity0.
9mrad65kN200km/h1.
8mrad35kN140km/h2.
4mrad15kN80km/h3.
2mrad5kN40km/hQI=1QI=1ConventionalConventionalHSLHSLHHHHImplementedinRAILPROFImplementedinRAILPROFTotalforceinprinciple225kNTotalforceinprinciple225kN7ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlNEWVERSUSOLDNORMNEWVERSUSOLDNORM1.
00.
30OldNorm0.
70.
21300km/hInclination[mrad]Versine[mm]Velocity0.
90.
27200km/h1.
80.
54140km/h2.
40.
7280km/h3.
20.
9640km/h0dz2zdx20.
31.
0mrad2πλπ==≈0dz2zdx20.
31.
0mrad2πλπ==≈02xzzsinπλ=02xzzsinπλ=2mλ=2mλ=02z02z0z0.
3mm=0z0.
3mm=For80km/hthenewnormis2.
4timesmorefavorablethantheoldnorm,providedshortwaveshavebeengroundoff.
For80km/hthenewnormis2.
4timesmorefavorablethantheoldnorm,providedshortwaveshavebeengroundoff.
8ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlLATERALGEOMETRYSTANDARDSLATERALGEOMETRYSTANDARDS0.
5mm300km/hVersineVelocity0.
5mm200km/h0.
5mm140km/h0.
7mm80km/h1.
0mm40km/hQI=1QI=1ImplementedinRAILPROFImplementedinRAILPROF9ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlASSESSMENTOLDANDNEWONPRORAILASSESSMENTOLDANDNEWONPRORAILRP002432RP002432RP002945RP002945RP002949RP002949RP003125RP003125Oldnorm:Rejected,New:OKOldnorm:Rejected,New:OKOldnorm:OK,New:RejectedOldnorm:Rejected,New:Rejected10ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlSELECTIONONPRORAILSELECTIONONPRORAIL00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequencyCDFMoerdijk-Dordrecht(VSRT)Delft-DenHaagLageZwaluwe-HollandsDiep0123456789WeldQualityIndex[-](140km/h)81%60%31%1.
8mrad(140km/h)1.
8mrad(140km/h)Limitat80km/hLimitat80km/h100weldspergroup100weldspergroup11ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlOLDVERSUSNEWSTANDARDSOLDVERSUSNEWSTANDARDS00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239welds00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239weldsQInormat140km/his3timesmorefavorablethanoldnorm00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239welds00.
20.
40.
60.
81CumulativeFrequency012345678910111213MaximumAbsoluteInclinationofWeldGeometry(25mmbase)[mrad].
46%NewStandards3001408040km/hOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passedOldNorm(0–0.
3mm)isindependentoflinespeed16%passed3%58%73%Population239weldsQInormat140km/his3timesmorefavorablethanoldnorm12ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nly=18,62x+20,93R2=0,0905010000,250,50,7511,25versine[mm]max.
dyn.
contactforce[kN]y=4,33xR2=0,9105010005101520max.
discretisedgradient(5mmbasis)[mrad]max.
dyn.
contactforce[kN]LowcorrelationforceandversineLowcorrelationforceandversineHighcorrelationforceandQIHighcorrelationforceandQICALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCESCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCES13ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDynamicforcelinearwithQIDynamicforcelinearwithQIDynamicforcelinearwithtrainspeedDynamicforcelinearwithtrainspeed0204060801001201401600246810max.
weldslope[mrad]Fdyn[kN]v=300km/hv=140km/hv=80km/hv=40km/hy=0,28xR2=0,98020406080100050100150200250300trainspeed[km/h]Fdyn[kN]slope:5mradCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCESCALCULATEDDYNAMICFORCES14ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlAXLEBOXACCELERATIONSAXLEBOXACCELERATIONSDynamicamplificationlessthan2.
2Dynamicamplificationlessthan2.
2y=0,23x+1,11R2=0,5911,21,41,61,822,200,511,522,53QI(140km/h)DAF(750Hz)15ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlProcedure:zSampleweldgeometrywithdigitalstraightedgezFiltermeasuredsignalzDetermine1stderivative(inclination)zNormalizewithinterventionvalueforlinespeedzCalculateQI.
zQIECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlPRACTICALIMPLEMENTATIONPRACTICALIMPLEMENTATION17ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlPDASCREENPDASCREENV=140km/hQI=1.
06V=140km/hQI=1.
06QIuniquelyshowswheretogrindQIuniquelyshowswheretogrind18ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlDESKTOPSOFTWAREDESKTOPSOFTWAREAlldataandgraphscanbeshownonaPC;Resultsinpdf-formatcandirectlybeemailedtocustomer.
AlldataandgraphscanbeshownonaPC;Resultsinpdf-formatcandirectlybeemailedtocustomer.
19ECSECSWeldGeometryStandardsWeldGeometryStandardswww.
esveld.
comwww.
esveld.
comwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlwww.
rail.
tudelft.
nlCONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS1.
Theorybasedonfirstderivativeworksfineinpractice;2.
Steelstraightedgeisabsolutelyinadequate;3.
InsteadelectronicstraightedgeswithQI(RAILPROF);4.
HighcorrelationofforceandQI,lowcorrelationwithversine;5.
WithRAILPROFQImeasurement:Youseewhatyoudo;Higherquality;Lessrejectionsprovidedshortwavesaregroundproperly(alsonegativeweldsallowed);Extensionoflifecycle.
1.
Theorybasedonfirstderivativeworksfineinpractice;2.
Steelstraightedgeisabsolutelyinadequate;3.
InsteadelectronicstraightedgeswithQI(RAILPROF);4.
HighcorrelationofforceandQI,lowcorrelationwithversine;5.
WithRAILPROFQImeasurement:Youseewhatyoudo;Higherquality;Lessrejectionsprovidedshortwavesaregroundproperly(alsonegativeweldsallowed);Extensionoflifecycle.
日本CN2、香港CTG（150元/月） E5 2650 16G内存 20M CN2带宽 1T硬盘
提速啦简单介绍下提速啦 是成立于2012年的IDC老兵 长期以来是很多入门级IDC用户的必选商家 便宜 稳定 廉价 是你创业分销的不二之选，目前市场上很多的商家都是从提速啦拿货然后去分销的。提速啦最新物理机活动 爆炸便宜的香港CN2物理服务器 和 日本CN2物理服务器香港CTG E5 2650 16G内存 20M CN2带宽 1T硬盘 150元/月日本CN2 E5 2650 16G内存 20M C...
云基最高500G DDoS无视CC攻击(Yunbase)，洛杉矶CN2GIA、国内外高防服务器
云基成立于2020年，目前主要提供高防海内外独立服务器用户，欢迎各类追求稳定和高防优质线路的用户。业务可选：洛杉矶CN2-GIA+高防（默认500G高防）、洛杉矶CN2-GIA(默认带50Gbps防御)、香港CN2-GIA高防(双向CN2GIA专线，突发带宽支持，15G-20G DDoS防御，无视CC)、国内高防服务器（广州移动、北京多线、石家庄BGP、保定联通、扬州BGP、厦门BGP、厦门电信、...
friendhosting：（优惠55%）大促销，全场VPS降价55%，9个机房，不限流量
每年的7月的最后一个周五是全球性质的“系统管理员日”，据说是为了感谢系统管理员的辛苦工作....friendhosting决定从现在开始一直到9月8日对其全球9个数据中心的VPS进行4.5折（优惠55%）大促销。所有VPS基于KVM虚拟，给100M带宽，不限制流量，允许自定义上传ISO...官方网站：https://friendhosting.net比特币、信用卡、PayPal、支付宝、微信、we...
ecs为你推荐
-
视频截图软件列出5种非常好用的视频截图工具如何免费开通黄钻怎么免费开通黄钻~~~?真正免费的网络电话谁知道哪个真正免费的网络电话啊?告诉我把3?太感谢了spgnuxPC操作系统如何描述缓冲区溢出教程适合黑客初级学者使用的黑客工具有那些 、怎么样免费装扮qq空间要怎么免费装扮QQ空间!伪静态静态与伪静态的区别？苹果5怎么越狱苹果5怎么越狱硬盘人500G的硬盘容量是多少啊?神雕侠侣礼包大全神雕侠侣陈晓礼包兑换码怎么获得