onlinelotus

lotus domino  时间:2021-02-20  阅读:()
AnalysisandDesignforProcessSupportSystemsusingGoal-orientedBusinessProcessModellingByDeniseDowns,DrKenLunnSchoolofComputing&Mathematics,UniversityofHuddersfield,EnglandSummaryThispaperfocusesontheideasthatitisimportanttostartwithabusinessprocessmodelwhichfullyarticulatesthevisionandgoalsforthenewprocess(atwhicheverleveltheprocessiswithintheorganisation)whenproducingsoftware.
Furthermore,thesegoalsneedtobeauditablethroughtheprocesstoensurethedevelopedsystemassistsattainmentoftheprocessanditsgoals.
AsmallteamatHuddersfieldUniversityaredevelopingamethodologywhichcommenceswithvisionandgoalsofthebusinessprocess,requirescaptureofthenewprocessbutfacilitatesdevelopmentofprocesssupportsystemsaswellasstandardtransactionalsystemsandensurestherequirementsoftheprocessanditsgoalsaremetandtraceable.
Whileattheearlystagesthemethodologyintendstobuildoncurrentmethodsandtechniquesandatthisstagehasmainlyhighlightedissueswithcurrentapproaches.
Transactionalsystemshavedominatedtheliteratureintermsofdesignandsoftwaredevelopment.
Thisisaviewreinforcedbytheusecaseapproachtosoftwarerequirements[Rosenburg1999],wherethesystemisseenasasetoflargelydistinctfunctionalgroups.
Thisapproachhasledtoastyleofanalysisanddesignthatleavesalotofbusinessissuesoutsideofthesystem,andimplicitintheanalysis.
Processsupportsystemsarebeingperceivedasincreasinglyimportanttoanumberofcompanies.
Thisreflectsagrowingmaturityinorganisations,whicharekeentoautomatemoreoftheiractivities.
Applicationareas,suchascallcentres,canachievesignificantproductivityandqualityimprovementsbyutilisingprocesssupportandworkflowsystemstoimproveinformationflow,speedupresponse,andreduceproblemsindealingwithcustomers.
Customerrelationshipmanagementisrequiringgreaterunderstandingoftheprocessgoalsandvalues,andaconsolidationfromtransactionalsystemstoprovideforthebusinessprocessofmanagingcustomerswiththecaptureoftherelevantprocessdata.
Inessencethesetypesofactivityarebestcapturedbybusinessprocessmodels.
Workflowapproacheshavebeenreportedintheliterature,buttheyseemorthogonaltomuchoftheobject-orientedanalysisanddesignapproachesthataredocumented.
Theauthors'experienceinanalysinganddesigningprocesssupportsystemshitproblemswhenadvicewassoughtfromexpertsinothermethods.
Structuredmethodsexpertswantedtoconstructdataflowdiagramsthatdidnotadequatelyreflectprocessflowsinthebusiness.
Object-orientedexpertswantedtolookforusecasesandobjectrepresentations,withouttoocloseaconsiderationoftheprocessflow;indeed,modellingprocessflowinobjectsbegantolookover-complicated.
Noneofthemstartwiththeprocessgoals,visionandvaluesandprovideatraceableauditofensuringthesearemetthroughthedesign.
Whenthesoftwaredesignreflectsbusinessprocessestheresultingsoftwareseemstobemoreintuitivetousersandthuseasiertouse.
Further,wecontendthatfullacknowledgementofgoal-drivenbusinessprocessesleadstoamorecomprehensivedesignthatbettermeetsuserrequirements.
Howeverthetransitionfrombusinessprocessmodelstosoftwaredesignisnotatrivialone.
TheonlymethodwehavecomeacrossthatapproachesthisadequatelyistheSelectPerspective[Allen1998];thisapproachlooksatusecaseidentificationfromfullyanalysedprocessesusinganotationsimilartoIDEF;alasthismethodhasnotbeenfullydocumentedintheliterature.
Inthispaper,wedescribeourapproachtoanalysinganddesigningaprocesssupportsystem.
Webeginwithastatementofthevisionandgoalsofthebusiness,andananalysisandassessmentofthecurrentbusinessprocesses.
Wethenproducearevisedbusinessprocessdescription,andthenseekanobjectdecompositionandsetofuserinterfacestosupportthebusinessprocesses.
Wehaveinfactmissedoutanexplicitusecasestep,andwedonotseethisasaprobleminthisinstance,asdiscussedlater.
1BackgroundTheSchoolofComputingandMathematics'PlacementUnitundertookaprojecttoencapsulatetheactivitiescarriedoutattheSchoolofComputingandMathematics'PlacementUnit.
Theproject,MaPPiT(MappingthePlacementProcesswithInformationTechnology),hasresultedinthedevelopmentofacompleteElectronicProcessSupportsystem,designedanddevelopedusingLotusNotes,withsubsequentWeb-enabledsupportdevelopedinLotusDomino.
TheintentionwasasmuchtoencapsulateandcommunicatebestbusinesspracticeaswellastodevelopanITsystem.
Thesystemisnowoperationalandsupportsapproximately200placementstudentsayear,andbothprocessesandsystemarenowadoptedbyanumberofotheruniversities.
Thesystemsupportsthetrackingofstudentsandworkplacements.
Itprovidessupporttostudents,potentialemployers,academicstaffandsupportstaffthroughthewholeprocessofapplyingfor,achievingandundertakingaworkplacement.
ThisincludesmanagementofonlineCV'sthroughtoacceptanceofwork-basedassignmentsthatareusedaspartoftheassessmentofstudentsonplacement.
2AnalysisandDesignApproachWesplittheanalysisanddesignintotwophases.
Thefirstphaseistocomprehensivelymapoutthedesiredbusinessprocesses,defininggoalsandvision,andidentifyingissues.
Thisiscomprehensivelyrefinedthroughthefollowingstages:ArticulatedGoal,Vision,CurrentIssues/ProblemswithAs-IsProcessIdentifiedCore/KeyProcesses,ManagementProcesses&SupportProcessesCapturetasksincurrentprocessoncardsWorkinggroupsputtasksincohesivegroupsProcessNamesforgroupsdecidedProcessDesignedbyworkgroupsCheckwithoriginaltasksforcompletenessDocumentBusinessProcessDesignswithroles,triggersTheDevelopmentPhaseisbrokendownintothefollowingstages:IdentifyobjectsIdentifyProcessTrackingObjectsIdentifyAttributes–dataandstatusIdentifyBusinessPatternObjectslikeToDoProduceobjectdiagramforrelationshipsProduceUserInteractionMatrixforeachobjectusingRolesfromBPD&PFDOrganiseUserScreens(referredtoasuseragenda's)toreflectProcess2.
1Goaloftheprocess(es)Webeginouranalysisbydefiningthevisionandgoalsoftheoverallprocess.
Thecollectionofgoalsisacomplexactivity.
Inevitablythereareconflictingviewsonwhataretheappropriategoalsofaprocess,dependingontheviewsofstakeholders.
However,weviewitasessentialthatthereisagreementontheoverallgoalofthebusinessprocess(es)beforecommencingwithanalysis.
OuragreedgoalfortheMaPPiTsystemis:"Tosecure,developandmonitorrichlearningexperiences(onplacement)thatbuildonstudents'currentskillsandknowledge,inlinewiththeircareeraspirations;enhancetheiremployabilitythroughexperienceintheworkplace;andincreasetheirskillsandknowledge,subsequentlyenablinghigherlevelsofachievement.
"2.
2BusinessProcessModellingThebusinessprocessmodeldescribestheactivitiesofplacingstudentsintermsofaseriesofinter-linkedbusinessprocesses.
Itisastaticmodeluserscantailortotheirownrequirements.
Ittriestosatisfyanumberofaims,including:Todocumenttheplacementprocesses,followingareviewoftheirefficency,toensurethatnecessaryprocessesareincludedandnothingisomitted.
Toaddressissueswhichhademergedfromtheanalysisandotherprojects,eg.
someplacementunitsoperateinanunprofessionalway:missingdeadlines,notmeetingrequests.
.
Tofacilitateamovefromaplacementactivityrunpredominantlybyacademicstafftooneinvolvingmoreadministrativestaff;atHuddersfieldtherearetwofull-timeadministrativeplacementstaffintheunit;thisallowsustobemoreprofessionalandresponsivebutrequiresgreaterco-ordinationandattentiontocommunication.
Theseaimsgiveanunderstandingofwhatthemodelisabout,andguidethedefinitionoftheprocesses.
Thefocusisverymuchanoperationalone:theprojectteaminvestigatedwhatisdone,why,howitcanbeimproved,whatthestudentsthink,whatcompaniesthink,etc.
,andlookedtodefinegoodpracticeinthemodel.
Aspartoftheoperationalfocus,theteamexaminedwhatmaterialsareusedtopreparestudentsforplacements,thetraininggivenandtheskillsdeveloped.
Issuesthisraisedwerehowdoweauditourgoalstoensuretheyhavebeenaddressedintheresultingsystem2.
2.
1TheProcessesandSymbolsoftheModelTheprocessesofthemodelaregroupedintothreetypes:Core,ManagementandSupport.
Theunderlyingrationalebehindthesetypesis:CoreProcessesThesearekeytothebusinessunitandrepresentthecoreactivities.
TheymustbeundertakenwithinthePlacementUnitManagementProcessesIngeneralthesecanbemanagedbyindividualsnotinvolvedonadaytodaybasiswiththeplacementteamandrepresentreviewandmonitoring/directingprocesses.
TheymustinvolverepresentativesfromtheplacementteamSupportProcessesThesecangenerallybeoutsourcedtoothersupportinggroups.
Smallplacementteams,whodonothavetheresourcesforthefullmodel,may'passon'responsibilitytootherpersonnelwithintheschool/department(e.
g.
careers,personaltutors,pathwayleaders,commercialactivities/marketingetc.
).
2.
2.
2SymbolsUsedinTheModelThemodelswedevelopedusedanotationsimilartoprocessflowdiagrams(PFD)inIDEF3,shownasaflowofactivities(seeFigure1).
However,becauseweknewthenextstagewastodevelopasoftwareapplicationtosupporttherunningoftheseprocessflows,wepaidparticularattentiontothetriggers(seeFigure2)whicheitherstartedtheprocessorwererequiredtokeepitrunning–eachwaitstatehadatriggeridentifiedforthenextstage.
Wealsohadatimetriggerforthosetaskswewishedtokeepontimeforqualitycustomerservice,butweredependantonexternaltriggers(eg.
ReceivingaCVfromastudent).
Ineffect,iftheprocessflowdidnotprogressonit'sownnaturally(e.
g.
anemployerdidnotcontactustoorganiseinterviewsafterreceivingCV's),thetimetriggerwouldensurewebuiltintothesoftwaretheabilitytomanagethesethreads.
Oneachactivitywithinaprocessasuggestionismade,throughalabel,oftherolefelttobeappropriatetocarryoutthatactivity.
Activitiesaremarkedasessential,desirableoroptional.
Theteambelievesthatallthosewhicharemarkedasessentialshouldbecarriedoutbyanyplacementunit;desirableactivitiesarethosewhicharefelttobringbenefits,andoptionalactivitiesareforlargerplacementunitstoconsider.
Thisperspectivealsoprovidesaprioritysystemwhenconsideringwhichprocessestoadopt/review.
Figure1-notationforanactivityTrigger,aneventwhichisscheduledoranitemwhichcomesintothePlacementUnite.
g.
arequest.
Allprocesseshaveatriggeringevent.
TriggernameScheduledtrigger,otherwiseblankFigure2-notationforatriggerTheresultofourbusinessprocessdesignwasapproximately50processflowdiagrams,asillustratedinFigure3.
Manyoftheseweremuchmorecomplicatedwithbranchingandjoins.
Manyofthetaskswerepurepeopletasks,manywerepeopletasksthatrequiredtheITsupportsystem,veryfewwereITonlybecauseofthetypeofprocessweweremodelling–theplacementofstudentsintoindustryfortheir12monthworkexperience.
Whileverysimilartoarecruitmentprocesswealsohadtrainingandmonitoringoftheplacement.
The*IDActivitynameActivityconventionLetterdenotingthoseresponsibleforperformingtheaction:S=StudentVT=VisitingTutorPU=PlacementUnitstaffR=RecruitmentstaffDept.
=DepartmentT=TutorCL=CourseleaderCA=CommercialactivitiespersonnelUniquenumericalidentifier(LEVEL2only)Activitytoberepeated,otherwiseblankShadedmeansthisprocesshasbeenimplementedintotheEPSS.
Numberedpointsprovidefurtherinformation.
factthattherewerenosubstantialIT-onlytasks,wasafactorwhichmadethetransitiontoinformationsystemmoredifficult.
ReviewliteratureandusageCAActionplanactivitiesfornextperiod2CAReviewnumbersofandtypesofrequests1CAScheduledEnsureactioned-ifnot,decidealternativeactionForwardtoappropriateperson4PUFollow-uptoensureactioned5PULogdetails3PURequestEnterdetailsinsystemE.
g.
projects,consultancyFigure3-typicalbusinessprocessflows2.
3Designandconstructionoftheinformationsystem.
ThedeliveryplatformweuseisLotusNotes.
LotusNoteshasanobjectdatabasewithhierarchicalrelationships.
Collectionclasses(views)canbecreatedfromsimplequeriesonthedatabase.
Eachobjectisassociatedwithaformwhichprovidestheuserinterfacetotheobjectdataaswellasthevisibilitytothedesignerofthedataitemsintheobject.
OurapproachwastofirsttrawlthroughthePFD'Sandidentifyallourobjects.
Thisrepresentedacomprehensivedomainmodel.
Whatthisdidnotinitiallyrevealwastheobjectswerequiredtomanageourprocessthreads.
Thiswasthenexttrawlandweintegratedtheseintoourobjectmodelsowecoulddocumenttherelationshipwithourrealworldobjects.
Experiencealsotoldusthatweneededsomepatterntypeobjectslike'ToDo'and'ActivityReports'totrackandauditproblemsorspecialcaseswehadtodealwithwithintheprocess.
Theseweredifficulttodocumentontheobjectmodelasgenerallytheyweregoingtobemadeavailabletomostobjectsinthesystem.
ThisavailabilitywasdocumentedinaUserInteractionMatrix(e.
g.
Figure4).
Thenextphasewastoidentifyalltheattributesforeachofourobjects.
Someofthiswasfromexperiencee.
g.
Companyobviouslyrequiresname,address,telNo,butsomewerestatustypeattributes(placed/unplaced;monthtocontact)detectedfromthePFD's.
Thenextissuewasthatasourflowdiagramsweredecomposedtothethirdleveltoidentifythetasks,soanumberofdifferentdiagramsaffectedthefunctionalityofanumberofobjects.
Designingwhatactionsshouldbevisibletotheuseratwhatstageoftheprocessandwhatthatactionshoulddoifselectedwasproblematic.
ThesolutionwasaUserInteractionMatrix(e.
g.
Figure4).
Thisallowsustoidentifywhatmethods(viabuttons/actionsinLotusNotes)wereavailabletowhichusergroups(roles)interactingwiththeobjectandwhen.
ActionsCloseSaveJobDescriptionInterviewCorrespondenceCompleteActionDetail:CloseFormSavedetailscloseFormCreatenewJobdescriptiondetails-Updateformwithdate-Addinterviewees-createinterviewdetailsform-Schedulefollow-upcontactPromptforstandardlettertosendCreateletterwithcontactsdetailsSaveletterandprintPromptforoutcomeSetstatustosuccessfulorunsuccessfulVisibilityAllPUAdmin,PUAdmin,PUstaffPUStaffPUStaffPTutorsPTutorsStageNewPPPPDiaryreminderPPPPWaitingtoadvertisePPPAdvertisedPPPPInterviewsPPPPPSuccessfulPUnsuccessfulPFigure4-UserInteractionMatrixTheNotesInterfacehasit'sownparticularstyle.
ItpresentsaleftNavigationbartotheuserwithaseriesofbuttonsoricons.
Thesechangetheselectionintothedatabaseandtheresultingobjectsaredisplayedinadefinablewaytotheright.
EachKeyHighlevelProcesshasit'sownNavigatorbarandthebuttonsrepresenttheKeywaitpositionsintheprocessthatrequiremanaging.
WeaddedacoupleofextraNavigatorsforAdministration(ofthesoftware),Reportsandonewhichmirrorsthewebscreenswemakeavailabletostudents–Opportunities.
ThebuttonsontheNavigatorarepresentedintheordertheprocessruns,orsometimesimportantwaitstatesarehighlightedorthedefaultwhenthenavigatorisselected(e.
g.
openstudentactivityreportswhichrepresentproblemstobemanagedarefirstonallstudentscreens).
Emailsareusedfortriggerswhichdonotoccurveryofteneg.
astudentcourseworkarrives.
3DiscussionTheapproachherehasusedgoal-orientedbusinessprocessesasthedomainmodellingtoolforrequirementsanalysis.
Thisdiffersfrommanyapproaches.
TheUnifiedProcess[Jacobson1999]includesabusinessmodellingstep,butisnotprescriptiveontheapproachandimplicitlyassumesabusinessusecaseapproach[Jacobson1995]thatdiffersconsiderably.
OurapproachisakintotheSelectPerspective[Allen1999].
Wherewehavedifferedfromcontemporaryobject-orientedapproachesisinleavingouttheusecasestep[Rosenberg1999].
Ourusecasesareinfactautomated(orsemi-automated)processsteps.
Skippingtheexplicitusecasestepdidnotseemtocauseusanyparticularproblems,thoughelementssuchasrolesareembeddedinprocessstepsandareequivalenttoactorsinausecasediagram.
Thearchitectureofthetargetenvironment(LotusNotes)didlenditselftotheanalysisapproach.
WhenwetriedamoretraditionalOOapproachtodefiningthesystemidentifyingusersandusecases,wegotboggeddowninalotofdetailandcomplexity.
Atthisstage,wecannotbetooassertiveaboutwhetherthebusinessmodellingapproachissuperior,orwhetheritjustfitourparticularapplicationdomainandtargetsystemarchitecture.
Thesystemhasbeenremarkablysuccessful,andmeetsthegoalswesetit.
Itssuccesslies,webelieve,initbeingbasedonasolidunderstandingofthebusinessprocesses,andthegoalsofthosebusinessprocesses.
Wealsoweresystematicinfittingthefunctionalityofthesupportsystemtothebusinessprocess.
Also,alongwiththesystem,comesacleardefinitionofbestpractice,asdefinedbytheprocessmap.
InthePrismresearchgroupattheUniversityofHuddersfield,weareinvestigatingavarietyofapproachestorequirementsgatheringandsystemsanalysis.
Ourexpertisecomesfromabroadbackground,coveringsoftsystemsmethods,structuredsystemsmethods,objectorientedmethodsandbusinessprocessmethods.
Wearebuildingabroadpictureofmodellingapproachestosupportanalysisanddesign.
Bylookingatproblemsfromdifferentperspectives,wehopetouncoversomeunderlyingprinciplescommontoallmethods.
4References[Allen1998]:,Allen,P.
,Frost,S.
,Component-BasedDevelopmentforEnterpriseSystems:ApplyingtheSELECTPerspective,,ISBN0521649994[Bennett1999]:Object-OrientedSystemsAnalysisandDesign,Bennett,S.
,McRobb,S.
,Farmer,S,,1999,ISBN0077094972[Jacobson1995]:TheObjectAdvantage,Jacobson,I.
,,1995,ISBN0201422891,[Jacobson1999]:TheUnifiedSoftwareDevelopmentProcess,Jacobson,I.
,Booch,G.
,Rumbaugh,J.
,,1999,ISBN0201571692[Rosenburg1999]:,Rosenburg,D.
,Scott,K.
,UseCaseDrivenObjectModelingwithUML,1999,ISBN0201432897

ManSora:英国CN2 VPS,1核/1GB内存/10GB SSD/1TB流量/100Mbps/KVM,$18.2/月

mansora怎么样?mansora是一家国人商家,主要提供沪韩IEPL、沪日IEPL、深港IEPL等专线VPS。现在新推出了英国CN2 KVM VPS,线路为AS4809 AS9929,可解锁 Netflix,并有永久8折优惠。英国CN2 VPS,$18.2/月/1GB内存/10GB SSD空间/1TB流量/100Mbps端口/KVM,有需要的可以关注一下。点击进入:mansora官方网站地址m...

修罗云50元/月起香港大宽带NAT VPS,香港沙田建站2核2G5M仅70元/月起

修罗云怎么样?修罗云是一家国内老牌商家,修罗云商家以销售NAT机器起家,国内的中转机相当不错,给的带宽都非常高,此前推荐的也都是国内NAT VPS机器。今天,云服务器网(www.yuntue.com)小编主要介绍一下修罗云的香港云服务器,适合建站,香港沙田cn2云服务器,2核2G,5M带宽仅70元/月起,同时香港香港大带宽NAT VPS低至50元/月起,性价比不错,可以尝试一下!点击进入:修罗云官...

远程登录VNC无法连接出现

今天有网友提到自己在Linux服务器中安装VNC桌面的时候安装都没有问题,但是在登录远程的时候居然有出现灰色界面,有三行代码提示"Accept clipboard from viewers,Send clipboard to viewers,Send primary selection to viewers"。即便我们重新登录也不行,这个到底如何解决呢?这里找几个可以解决的可能办法,我们多多尝试。...

lotus domino为你推荐
苏州商标注册苏州商标注册申请流程是什么样的缓冲区溢出教程溢出攻击原理在线代理网站最好的免费在线代理网站有哪些~急!办公协同软件协同企业办公的软件有哪些?畅想中国畅想中国发展前景xp系统停止服务XP系统为什么要停止服务?人人逛街过节了,这儿可真热闹写一段话安装迅雷看看播放器迅雷看看播放器安装bluestack安卓模拟器bluestacks怎么用?发邮件怎么发发邮件怎么发?
godaddy域名注册 个人注册域名 高防服务器租用qy 万网域名证书查询 荷兰服务器 美元争夺战 免费ftp空间 qq数据库 gg广告 美国十次啦服务器 域名转接 世界测速 空间技术网 爱奇艺vip免费领取 申请网页 raid10 iki 万网空间 华为k3 服务器硬件配置 更多