排布化学：121《基态原子核外电子排布》学案鲁科版选修4

化学 1. 2. 1 《基态原子的核外电子排布》学案(鲁科版选

修4)

第2节原子结构与元素周期表

第一课时基态原子的核外电子的排布【学习目标】

1(了解原子核外电子的能级分布。

2(能用电子排布式表示常见元素(1-36号)原子核外电子的排布。

【学习过程】

一、基态原子的电子排布

1(基态原子核外电子排布要遵循的三个原则

是、 、 。

2(根据能量最底原理可知:基态原子的核外电子在原子轨道上的排布顺序是1s   3s   3d    5p   5d   5f 6d 7p ?。

3(角量子数l相同的能级其能量次序由主量子数n决定 n值越其能量越。如E E E E。 2p3p4p5p主量子数n相同角量子数不同的能级其能量随l的增大而即发生“能级分裂”现象。如E E E E。 4s4p4d4f主量子数和角量子数同时变化时情况较复杂。如E E E,4s3d4p这种现象称为“能级交错” 。

4(洪特规则的特例:能级相同的原子轨道中 电子处于、 或状态时体系的能量较低原子较稳定。

5(泡利不相容原理可简单描述为:一个原子轨道中最多只能容纳______个电子并且这_____个电子的自旋方向相_____。

二、 19,36号元素的基态原子的核外电子排布

1.熟练写出元素周期表中前36号元素的名称、元素符号和用电子排布式表示1,36号元素原子核外电子的排布。

填表

电子排布价电子排元素名称元素符号原子序数

式布

7

S

氯

铜

Cr

63d4s

2

35

2(价电子层:能级上的电子数可在化学反应中发生变化的能层。价电子指的

是元素的化学性质与的性质和数目密切相关。基态铁原子的价电子排布为。

【典题解悟】

例1.下列叙述中最符合泡利不相容原理的是( )

A、需用四个不同的量子数来描述原子中的每一个电子

B、在原子中不能有两个电子具有一组相同的量子数

C、充满一个电子层需要8个电子

D、 电子之间存在着斥力

答案:B

例2.基态原子的核外电子排布的原则不包括( )

A、能量守恒原理B、能量最低原则

C、泡利不相容原理D、洪特规则

答案:A

【当堂检测】

1.基态铬原子的电子排布式是()

2262615A.1 S2S2p3S3p4S4p

226266B.1 S2S2p3S3p3d

2262624C.1S2S2p3S3p4S3d

2262651D.1S2S2p3S3p3d4S

2.主族元素的原子失去最外层电子形成阳离子主族元素原子得到电子填充在最外层形成阳离子。下列各原子或离子的电子排布式错误的是()

2+22626-226、 CaA 1s2s2p3s3p B、 F1s2s3p

2262422626C、 S 1 s2 s2 s3 s3 pD、 Ar 1 s2 s2 p3 s3 p

3.原子序数为33的元素其原子在n=4 l=1的轨道中电子数为( ) 。

A、 3B、 4C、 5D、 64.有X、 Y、 Z三种主族元素若X元素的阴离子与Y、Z元素的阳离子具有相同的电子层结构且Y元素的阳离子半径大于Z元素的阳离子半径则此三种元素的原子序数大小顺序是( )。 A、 Y,Z,XB、X,Y,ZC、 Z,Y,X

D、Y,X,Z

,,5.(06高考天津理综)下列说法正确的是

A?A族元素的金属性比?A族元素的金属性强

B?A族元素的氢化物中稳定性最好的其沸点也最高

C同周期非金属氧化物对应的水化物的酸性从左到右依次增强

D第三周期元素的离子半径从左到右逐渐减小6.Cr原子处于基态时价电子排布可电子排布式表示成24

51423d4s  而不是3d4s 。下列说法中正确的是()

A、这两种排布方式都符合能量最低原则

B、这两种排布方式都符合泡利不相容原理

C、这两种排布方式都符合洪特规则

D、这个实例说明洪特规则有时候和能量最低原则是矛盾的

22621电子结构的原子是( )7.具有1 s2s2p3s3p

A、Mg B、 Na C、 He D、 Al

8.下列说法中正确的是()

A.处于最低能量的原子叫做基态原子

2B.3p表示3p能级有两个轨道

C.同一原子中 1s、 2s、 3s电子的能量逐渐减小

D.同一原子中 2p、 3p、 4p能级的轨道数依次增多9.具有下列电子排布式的原子中半径最大的是( )

22621225A、 1 s2s2p3s3p B、 1 s2s2p

22624221 C、 1 s2s2p3s3p D、 1 s2s2p

10.某元素原子共有3个价电子其中一个价电子的四个量子数为n,3 l,2m,2 m,+1/2。试回答: s

(1)写出该元素原子核外电子排布式。

(2)指出该元素的原子序数在周期表中所处的分区、周期

数和族序数是金属还是非金属以及最高正化合价。 (英文版)

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