翻译8340996_朱棵棵_功能对等理论视角下《文明之旅》字幕中文化负载词的汉英翻译策略研究_朱棵棵毕业论文终稿

功能对等理论视角下《文明之旅》字幕中文化负载词的

汉英翻译策略研究

Chinese-Engl ish Translation Strategies Study ofCulture-loaded Terms in Journey of Civilization from the

Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory

I

摘要

纪录片因集视听为一体的特点在跨文化传播方面有着突出的优势。纪录片具有真实性和极强的深度性有着跨越意识形态文化内涵和民族属性的特点在促进不同民族不同国家的文化交流的过程中起着举足轻重的作用。近年来越来越多的海外纪录片进入人们的视野。而中国的纪录片人远不满足于“引进来”也越来越注重“走出去”。但中国国产纪录片对外输出面临着许多困难如如何扩大市场如何与同类型媒体间竞争以及如何面对不同国家间的文化价值观的冲突问题等等都是不容小觑的难题。因此翻译成为纪录片工作中的一个重点。毋庸置疑的是翻译纪录片中的语言有偏差有些不能处理好中国文化元素译文不能够给目的语受众营造类似原文的感受影响了中国文化的传播。因此如何将汉语原汁原味表达出来让海外受众接受我们的翻译做好中华文化传播改进对外宣传工作成为纪录片制片人、翻译工作者的当务之急。

《文明之旅》是中文国际频道CCTV4重点打造的“国际化人文高端访谈专题纪录片”节目中有大量中华特色的俗语、典故对其进行翻译研究既可以传播中华文化又能使更多国外观众了解中华文化的精髓文化负载词的翻译作为解读中华文化的难点更应受到我们的重视。字幕翻译相比其它翻译具有独自特点 因为字幕受到屏幕空间和画面播放的限制。

功能对等理论是1964年美国翻译家尤金奈达提出的。与以往的翻译理论观点不同功能对等理论首次提出应该优先考虑“读者反应” 同时还提出翻译应该达到“最切近的自然对等”。奈达提出翻译中的对等有两种形式对等和功能对等形式对等以文本为导向功能对等以目标语读者为导向。奈达认为好的译文应当使得目标语读者和原语读者产生相同或相似的效果。奈达的功能对等翻译理论对翻译理论和实践提出了一个新的思考方向。

奈达把文化负载词分为五类分别是生态文化负载词如地理名称物质文化负载词如工具设备等社会文化负载词如人称称谓等宗教文化负载词

II

如宗教人物等语言文化负载词如成语数字等。据此本文对《文明之旅》字幕中的文化负载词进行研究探讨《文明之旅》的译者在翻译过程中所采取的翻译策略。笔者认为中国纪录片的主要目的是向西方观众介绍中国文化因此在翻译文化负载词保留中华文化特色的同时要满足西方的理解要求和受众感受根据目标语读者对中华文化的理解程度对译文作出适当的调整。同时译文还要考虑到字幕的篇幅限制和转瞬即逝的特点。因此笔者认为直译、意译、和注释三种翻译策略适于《文明之旅》之类的富含文化负载词的纪录片的翻译。语言转换只是思想传播的基础文化传递才是重中之重。

关键词功能对等字幕翻译文化负载词翻译策略

III

Abstract

As a medium that integrates audio-visual input,documentaries have outstandingadvantages in cross-cultural communication.Documentaries play a vital role inpromoting cultural exchanges between different nationalities and different cultures,because they have authenticity, depth, and the attributes of ideology, culture, andethnicity. Since the beginning of the new century, more and more importeddocumentaries have been shown in TV channels or on the internet.And Chinesedocumentaries are far from being content with ―bringing in‖, and they areincreasingly focusing on ―going out.‖ However, in the process domesticdocumentaries face many difficulties, such as how to expand the market, how tocompete with the same type of media,and how to face the conflict of cultural valuesbetween different countries. Therefore, the translation of documentaries is a toppriority.Undoubtedly, some translations have made inappropriate rendering of theoriginal, some fail to represent cultural elements in the original work, or create theequivalent response from the target audience so as to end in failure in terms ofcultural communication. Therefore, how to ensure the language acceptability ofoverseas audience, while at the same time showing the original Chinesecharacteristic s,has become the top priority for documentary translators.

The Journey of Civilization column is a high-end cultural interview programspecially intended for foreign viewers by the Chinese International Channel (CCTV4).The documentary offers a large number of Chinese idioms,allusions.Researching ontheir translation can not only spread Chinese culture,but also enable more foreignaudiences to understand the essence of Chinese culture. The translation ofculture-loaded terms is a difficult topic in interpreting Chinese culture,whichdeserves our attention.What’s more, subtitle translation is unique in that it isrestricted by screen and picture frames.

IV

In 1964, Eugene Nida proposed a functional equivalence theory,which isdifferent from the traditional translation theory. For the first time, functionalequivalence theory proposed that ―receptor’s response‖ should be given priority to,which also suggests that translation should achieve ―closest natural equivalence‖.Nida proposed that there are two types of equivalence in translation: formalequivalence and functional equivalence; formal equivalence is text-oriented, andfunctional equivalence is targeted at the target language reader.Nida believes that agood translations should make the target language reader and the primitive readersproduce the same or similar effects.Nida's functional equivalence theory provides anew perspective on translation theory and practice.

According to Nida's cultural classification, this article divides the culture-loadedterms in Journey of Civilization into five categories,namely ecological culture-loadedterms, such as geographical names;material cultural-loaded terms, such as tools andequipment; social and cultural-loaded terms, such as personal titles; religious andculture-loaded terms, such as religious figures; language and culture-loaded terms,such as idiom numbers.From the perspective of functional equivalence, this articlestudies the culture-loaded terms in the subtitles of Journey of Civilization anddiscusses the translation strategies adopted by the translators of Journey ofCivilization .The main purpose of Chinese documentaries is to introduce Chineseculture to Western audience.Therefore,when translating culture-loaded terms, it isnecessary to maintain Chinese characteristics while meeting Western understandingrequirements.At the same time, appropriate adjustments were made based on thetarget language reader's understanding of Chinese culture. This article analyzesculture-loaded terms from three translation strategies: literal translation, freetranslation, and annotation. It is concluded that language conversion is only thefoundation,and cultural transmission is the most important.

Keywords: functional equivalence; subtitle translation; culture-loaded terms;trans latio n strate gies

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Contents

摘要...............................................................................................................................II

Abstract.......................................................................................................................IV

Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................1

1.1 Research Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1.2 Research Significance and Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

1.3 Structure and Methodology of the Thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Chapter 2 Literature Review......................................................................................5

2.1 An Introduction to Subtitle Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

2.2 Constraints of Subtitle Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

2.3 Culture-loaded Terms Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework...........................................................................14

3.1 Introduction to Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

3.3 The Principles ofFunctional Equivalence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

3.4 The Influence ofFunctional Equivalence Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Chapter 4 Case Study of the Subtitle Translation of Culture-Loaded Terms inJourney of Civilization................................................................................................21

4.1 Data Collection and Culture-loaded Terms C lassification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

4.2 Principles of Translating Culture-loaded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

4.3 Analysis of Culture-loaded Terms in Journey of Civilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

4.3.1 Detailed Analysis of Ecological Culture-loaded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

4.3.2 Detailed Analysis of Material Culture-loaded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

4.3.3 Detailed Analysis of Social Culture-loaded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

4.3.4 Detailed Analysis o f Religious Culture-loaded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

4.3.5 Detailed Analysis o f Linguistic Culture-lo aded Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Chapter 5 Conclusion................................................................................................46

VI

5.1 Major Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

5.2 Limitations of the Thesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

5.3 Suggestions for Future Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

B ibl io g ra p hy...............................................................................................................49

作者简介......................................................................................错误未定义书签。

Ackno wle dge me nts....................................................................................................53

VII

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Research Background

Nida defines culture as ―the totality of the beliefs and practices of a society‖(Nida,

2001), so language,as a medium, can be understood as a way to express beliefs andpractice.Furthermore, those terms, including phrases, and expressions with specificnational characteristics and regional characteristics, may be completelyincomprehensible to people o f different nationalities. S ignificantly pro found,Chineseculture has a long history.Typical culture-loaded terms abound in national classics.Therefore, the research on the translation of culture-loaded terms has become a hottopic in the contemporary era. In the past, researchers are accustomed to study fromfrom the perspective of Skopos Theory,and on the question of subtitle translation andfocus on the differences between domestication and foreignization.However, theresearches from the perspective of functional equivalence theory are comparativelyrare.

Chinese culture has accumulated the great spiritual pursuit of the Chinese nation andis the deepest cultural soft power of the great rejuvenation and development of theChinese nation.The cultural connotation of Chinese civilization not only transcendstime and space, but also transcends national values. It has not only made greatcontributions to Chinese civilization, but also played an important role in worldhistory and civilization. Promoting the excellent traditional culture of the Chinesenation is not only a requirement of national development,but also a requirement ofthe development of the times.An excellent cultural documentary is an important wayto promote an excellent culture.

The theoretical basis of this article is the functional equivalence theory proposed byNida. In 1969,Eugene Nida first proposed the term―functional equivalence‖from theperspective of linguistics.He argued that ―the recipients of a translation should fullyunderstand the translated text so much that they require an understanding of

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how the original recipient must understand the original text.‖(1969). In the 1990s,heagain stated his theory that ―the reader of a translated text should be able tounderstand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readerdid.‖It can be understood that translations not only equivalent in lexical sense,butalso semantics, style, stylistic, etc.The information conveyed by translations not onlythe information of vocabulary in the sentence, but also the deep-level culturalinformation to be transmitted.Nida's functional equivalence theory emphasizes the―receptor’s response‖.

1.2 Research Significance and Q uestions

In recent years, translation studies have become more and more extensive in thecultural field, and have even become the top priority of many translators.A deepunderstanding of the study of two languages can be regarded as a comparative studyof two cultures, and this is an important purpose of cross-cultural communication.Traditional translation studies tend to start from the language itself, that is, from theperspective of linguistics,while the cultural connotation is always being ignored.With the development of the world economy,China's economic and cultural status hasbeen continuously improved, and requirements for understanding and learningChinese culture have been put forward in more and more countries.

As an excellent cultural documentary,Journey of Civilization is a program in CCTV'sInternational Channel.Many scholars and even influential figures from variouscountries are invited as guests to the program,and the content covered a wide range oftopics, including history, politics, economy, ideas and other aspects. Today,globalization undoubtedly makes an important contribution to cross-culturalcommunication.Obviously, it contains a lot of culture-loaded terms, so the study ofculture-loaded terms translation not only plays an important role in introducingChinese traditional culture, but also has important guiding significance for theintroduction of Chinese culture in the future.F urthermore, there are many programsthat introduce Chinese culture in Journey of Civilization,which includes a lot of

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