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ofi–SportsTechnology1ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderISSSTechnicalMeetingVienna2004(Artificial)AgingofSyntheticTurfByKonradBinderConsultantofi–Technologie&InnovationGmbH,Viennaofi–SportsTechnology2ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderComparativeExaminationsunderDifferentWeatheringConditionsEduardPOHLELeopoldKRANNER1stEuropeanWeatheringSymposiumEWS–Prague2003XXIIIColloquiumofDanubianCountriesonNaturalandArtificialAgeingofPolymersofi–SportsTechnology3ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderMostrelevantEuropeanDocumentsandStandardsconcerningArtificialWeatheringCEN/TC217/WG6N560(9thdraft,2002-12):SurfacesforSportsareasSyntheticturfforFootball,Hockey,TennisandMulti-SportsprimarilydesignedforoutdooruseSpecificationCEN:prEN14836:Syntheticsurfacesforoutdoorsportsareas–Methodoftest–Artificialweathering(EN)ISO4892:Plastics-Methodsofexposuretolaboratorylightsources:Parts1-4ofi–SportsTechnology4ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderContentofprEN14836–SpecialFeaturesandAspects(basedonrecentGermanversion)NormativeReferences(amongothers):(EN)ISO4892:Plastics-MethodsofexposuretolaboratorylightSOURCES–Part1:GeneralguidancePart2:Xenonarcsources.
Part3:FluorescentUVlamps–(noreference–justforgotten)Pinciple:Testpiecesareexposedtoartificialweathering.
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colourandselectedphysicalpropertiesaredetermined.
Lightsource:UV-A340nmlampsExposureChamberTemperatureandirradiationcontrolaccordingtoISO4892-1SprayingwithwaterorwettingbyahumiditycondensingmechanismaccordingISO4892-2and–3.
Exposureconditions(recommended)4hdryUVexposureatablack-standardtemp.
of55±3°C2hofcondensationexposure,withoutradiation,blackstand.
temp.
45±3°C(thiscycleisnotlistedinISO4892-3)Procedure:Noobligatorytimeorotherconditions.
Measuring/ExpressionofresultsColourchangesaccordingtoISO7724andISO105-A02Physicalproperties(changein%):zMeasureszTensilestrengthzFrictionzShockabsorptionzVertical()Deformationofi–SportsTechnology5ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderDiscussionofprEN14836–QuestionsSomeofthemainflawsshouldbeeliminated,e.
g.
:SimplybyreferencetoENISO4892-3Especiallytheirradianceonthefaceofthesamplesmustbespecifiedexactly.
SelectionofpropertiesforevaluationShouldbelefttotherelevantspecificationofthespecialsportssurface.
ThishasbeendonealreadyinthepaperN560specifyingsyntheticturf:zTensilestrength(offibre).
zColourfastnessCheckingotherproperties(asacriterion)seemstobeuselessFurtheropenquestions:AgingofrubbergranulesAgingofEPDMgranulesHowcanweachievesufficientrepeatabilityoftheresultsHowcanwefindoutthestatisticaltolerances(whichcouldbeextremelyhigh).
Finallyoncemorethequestion:Canperfect"correlationtonaturalweatheringreallybeachievedbytheUV-AlampsOrdoweneedthewell-triedandapprovedXenonarcofi–SportsTechnology6ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderOutdoorandArtificialAgingofPolymers-BasicsMainagentsofoutdoorAging:Sunlight(short-waveUV)OxygenHeatWaterFrost-dewMechanicalstress,abrasionMaineffectsofagingonchemicalstructureOxidation(foto-,thermoxidation)Chain-breakanddegradationChangeofmaterialperformanceLossofelongationatbreakLossoftensilestrength→brittleness→increasingabrasionLossofcolourChangeofsportsperformance:Long-termeffectisaconsequenceofmanyotherfactorsaswell.
ofi–SportsTechnology7ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderSearchfortestmethodsforPolyethyleneandPolypropyleneThesepolymersaresimilar,botharepolyolefins.
AgingbyweatheringisaverycomplexchemicalprocessandthepolyolefinsareverysenitivetodegredationbyUV,oxygenandhightemperatures.
ThereforethepolymersmusthavehighqualityandahighqualityUVstabilizersystem(includingeffectofheat).
HowcanthisqualitybeverifiedBymeansofaneffectiveandreliabletestmethodtakingintoaccountthespecialstructureoftherelevantpolymers!
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ofi–SportsTechnology8ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderUltravioletandVisiblePartofSunlightWavelength[nm]SpectralirradianceVisiblelightUV-areaofi–SportsTechnology9ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderSpectralIrradianceofXenonArcLamps-Sunlight-FilteredXenonarcirradianceSpectralirradiance[W/m/nm]Wavelength[nm]ofi–SportsTechnology10ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderSpectralIrradianceofFluorescentUV-LampsSpectralirradiance[W/m/nm]Wavelength[nm]SunlightUVA-340UVB-313ofi–SportsTechnology11ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderPrincipleofUV-WeatheringDeviceofi–SportsTechnology12ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderEffectsofBrittlenessCausedbyOutdoorWeatheringPE-HDslab:9yearsexposedinviennaPP-Filmswithdifferentstabilizers.
Exposed450daysinVienna.
Start:SummerResultsoftensilestrengthtestsstressstrainofi–SportsTechnology13ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderArtificialAgingofPP-FibresinQUV-ChamberIST-KolitzusDirectexposureofseparatedfibresshoweddamage–asonsiteofi–SportsTechnology14ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderArtificialWeatheringofPolypropylenMaterials:ChangeofTensileStrength0510152025303540450285570850Durationofradiantexposure[h]Tensilestrength[MPa]Xenonarclamps,material1Fluorescentlamps,material1Xenonarclamps,material2Fluorescentlamps,material2Xenonarclamps,material3Fluorescentlamps,material3Xenonarclamps,material4Fluorescentlamps,material4ofi–SportsTechnology15ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderArtificialWeatheringofPolypropylenMaterials:ChangeofElongationatBreak0510152025303540450285570850Durationofradiantexposure[h]Tensilestrainatbreak[%]Xenonarclamps,material2Fluorescentlamps,material2Xenonarclamps,material3Fluorescentlamps,material3Xenonarclamps,material4Fluorescentlamps,material4ofi–SportsTechnology16ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderArtificialWeatheringofSyntheticTurf:AustrianTestMethodPreparingoffibresfortensiletestspecimens(ifnecessarygluedbetweenacrylicclamps)Artificialaging(7500MJ/m)accordingtoDIN53387(ISO4892-2)(ENISO4892-3)TensilestrengthtestsaccordingtoEN13864Requirementsforelongationatbreakandstrength:Retainedvalues≥50%(ofinitialvalues)(Colourfastness:≥3greyscale)ofi–SportsTechnology17ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderPTFERequirementsforthetestmethodconcerned:HighaccelerationbyartificialweatheringGoodcorrelationtooutdoorweatheringGoodquantifiableresultsofdamagesbyartificialweatheringCosteffectivenessPE-HDSpacefillingmodelofi–SportsTechnology18ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderWeatheringChamberFittedw/XenonArcLampsofi–SportsTechnology19ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderWhichlightsourceforartificialweatheringThemainproblemisagoodbalanceofAandB.
Theheart"ofeveryweatheringdeviceistheartificialsun"-mostsuccessfulexamples:Xenonarc*)UVfluorescentlamp*)CarbonarclampMetalhalideemitter.
Forplastics,thereissufficientexperiencewiththesetwo*)lightsourcesonly.
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PA-6.
6Spacefillingmodelofi–SportsTechnology20ISSSTMVienna–Aging-BinderLabosport–internalstudyfortropicislandsCalorimetryStudyNr.
AppearanceForce(N)Losses(%)Meltingheat(°C)1Fibrillée53.
2-27.
6-0.
32Fibrillée42.
0-32.
7-0.
93Fibrillée26.
3-25.
60.
04Fibrillée34.
1-29.
4-0.
86Fibrillée26.
6-24.
3-0.
29bFibrillée7.
3-17.
3-0.
49aMonofil6.
0-43.
9-0.
95Monofil13.
8-58.
1-2.
77Monofil11.
1-57.
1-2.
88Monofil13.
9-72.
6-4.
510Monofil16.
4-75.
8-4.
2Fibersafterageing(UVBlamps)2500hoursForceatbreakinN(afterageing)lossesrelatedtotheforcebeforeageingMeltingpoint:differencebetweenthetemperatureafterandbeforeageingPolyethylenTensilestrengthCopolymerGoodcorrelationbetweentheresultsonsite(8month)andartificialaging