Transi'on)from)IPv4)to)IPv6

Anders)Henten)and)Reza)TadayoniCMIworkingpaperno.
2,2013CenterforCommunication,MediaandInformationtechnologies(CMI),ElectronicSystems,AAUCopenhagen,DenmarkCMIWorkingPaperno.
2:AndersHenten,RezaTadayoni(2013)TransitionfromIPv4toIPv6AAU,CopenhagenISBN:978-87-7152-015-6Publishedby:centerforCommunication,MediaandInformationtechnologies(CMI)DepartmentofElectronicSystems,AalborgUniversityCopenhagen,A.
C.
MeyersVnge15,DK-2450CopenhagenSVTel+4599403661E-mailcmi@cmi.
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cmi.
aau.
dk/CMIworkingPapers/1""""""Transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6"""Reza"Tadayoni,"reza@cmi.
aau.
dk""Anders"Henten,"henten@cmi.
aau.
dk""Center"for"Communication,"Media"and"Information"technologies"(CMI)"Aalborg"University"Copenhagen"""Sydhavnsgade"17K19,"DKK2450"Copenhagen"SV,"Denmark"""""""""""""""23rd"European"Regional"ITS"Conference"Vienna,"Austria""1st"–"4th"July"2012""""2""Transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6""1.
Introduction,"The"paper"examines"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6.
"More"specifically,"the"aim"of"the"paper"is"to"present"information"on"the"status"of"the"transition"process"and"on"the"drivers"and"barriers"concerning"this"transition.
"This"includes"an"update"on"the"availability"of"IPv4"addresses"and"on"how"far"the"adoption"of"IPv6"has"come.
"It"also"includes"a"discussion"on"what"but"also"who&the"drivers"and"barriers"are,"including"an"examination"of"the"implications"of"implementing"transfer"markets"for"IPv4"addresses.
"The"numbering"space"for"IPv4"is"very"limited"taking"all"the"present"and"future"applications"of"Internet"into"consideration.
"Already"at"the"beginning"of"the"1990s,"there"was"concern"regarding"the"coming"depletion"of"IP"numbers.
"Some"20"years"later,"the"last"publicly"available"IPv4"addresses"were"allocated"by"IANA"in"February"2011,"but"still"IPv6"has"only"developed"very"slowly.
""IPv6"and"its"almost"infinite"numbering"space"has"been"available"since"1996"and"even"though"there"are"a"lot"of"builtKin"advantages"of"IPv6"compared"to"IPv4,"IPv6"traffic"on"the"Internet"is"still"less"than"1%"of"total"traffic.
"This"begs"the"question"what"it"is"that"holds"back"the"development"of"IPv6"when"taken"into"account"that"it"is"a"long"time"ago"that"Internet"was"basically"an"American"'thing'"used"for"a"limited"array"of"applications.
"Today,"Internet"is"a"worldKwide"technology,"and"the"kinds"of"usages"of"Internet"have"expanded"tremendously.
"Internet"of"Things"(IoT),"for"instance,"will"in"the"future"require"an"enormous"mass"of"addresses.
""From"its"outset,"the"allocation"of"IP"addresses"has"been"uneven,"providing"the"economically"developed"markets,"especially"the"US,"with"huge"advantages"when"it"comes"to"the"number"of"available"IP"addresses.
"The"poor"and"emerging"economies"including"China"and"India"suffer"from"this"and,"therefore,"have"an"incentive"to"promote"a"more"rapid"transition.
"This"adds"an"additional"issue"to"the"IP"address"scarcity"issue,"namely"the"uneven"geographical"distribution"of"IP"address"allocations.
""There"is"no"backwards"compatibility"between"Ipv6"and"IPv4.
"Therefore,"methods"must"be"implemented"for"enabling"connection"between"the"two"protocols"in"the"transition"period.
"The"systems"used"to"circumvent"the"problems"of"having"two"parallel"systems"in"function"at"the"same"time"are"tunneling,"dual"stack,"and"translation"(NAT).
""All"three"systems"add"to"the"costs"and,"therefore,"constitute"a"disincentive"for"users"to"implement"IPv6Kbased"equipment"and"systems.
"The"result"is"that"firstKmover"advantages"are"bleak.
"The"functionalities"can"be"lower"and"the"costs"higher"when"deploying"IPv6.
""The"most"important"reason,"however,"for"the"sustainability"of"IPv4"is"the"system"of"private"addresses.
"Private"addresses"can"accommodate"more"users"than"the"number"of"IP"addresses,"due"to"the"reuse"of"the"private"IP"addresses"in"the"private"networks.
"This"decreases"the"demand"for"public"addresses.
"At"the"same"time,"it"creates"a"kind"of"firewall"system"where"the"private"addresses"can"be"protected"behind"the"single"public"point"of"entry.
"When"implementing"IPv6Kbased"systems,"another"kind"of"firewall"system"may"in"some"instances"need"to"be"installed.
""""""3""The"result"of"all"this"is"a"very"slow"implementation"of"IPv6"although"the"need"for"a"larger"addressing"space"is"obvious"with"the"increasing"number"of"people"using"Internet"and"the"steeply"growing"amount"of"applications"and"services.
"Internet"institutions"and"public"agencies"have"taken"different"policy"initiatives"to"promote"IPv6.
"These"policies"are"'soft'"initiatives"as"it"is"not"possible"to"order"a"mandatory"transition.
"Internet"is"not"like"a"national"system"of"broadcasting,"where"a"transition"from"analogue"to"digital"technology"can"be"decided"centrally.
"The"Internet"is"a"complex"international"system,"and"it"will"be"the"equipment"and"service"producers"K"primarily"the"corporate"ones"K"who"decide"on"the"transition.
"Taking"these"issues"into"consideration,"the"purpose"of"the"paper"is"to"examine"the"following"questions:"What"is"the"status"of"the"allocation,"assignment"and"advertisement"of"IPv4"addresses"How"far"has"the"adoption"of"IPv6"come"Which"and"who"are"the"drivers"and"barriers"of"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6"and"how"do"these"factors"and"forces"affect"the"transition"processes"–"This"includes"a"discussion"on"corporate"and"policy"initiatives"and"also"includes"an"examination"of"the"potential"implications"of"IPv4"transfer"markets.
"""The"theory"framework"for"the"analysis"is"primarily"concerned"with"the"hysteresis"of"the"complex"Internet"system,"including"the"concepts"of"pathKdependence,"lockKin"and"switching"costs.
"The"theory"notion"of"network"effects"also"comes"into"play.
"We"are"dealing"with"a"system"with"strong"direct"network"effects,"where"the"two"IP"address"standards"are"incompatible.
"Furthermore,"theory"on"the"characteristics"regarding"consumption"rivalry"and"excludability"regarding"IP"addresses"is"important"when"discussing"the"possible"implications"of"implementing"market"transfer"mechanisms.
"In"fact,"the"whole"field"of"issues"relating"to"the"IP"addressing"system"lends"itself"to"a"large"array"of"social"science"approaches.
"In"spite"of"this,"only"a"smaller"community"of"researchers"including"among"others"Milton"Mueller"(2006,"2008"and"2010),"Laura"DeNardis"(2009),"and"William"Lehr"et"al.
"(2008)"have"worked"with"the"IP"addressing"systems"and"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6"from"a"social"science"perspective.
"In"the"following"section,"a"brief"stateKofKtheKart"is"presented.
"""""Empirically,"the"paper"builds"on"secondary"material"from"Internet"organizations,"primarily"IANA"and"the"regional"and"local"registries,"the"Internet"Governance"Project,"and"from"international"organizations"like"OECD"and"ITU.
"The"paper"also"builds"empirically"on"a"round"of"interviews"with"stakeholders,"i.
e.
"providers"of"IP"equipment,"service"providers,"institutional"users,"and"representatives"of"Internet"and"public"institutions.
"This"provides"the"basis"for"a"realistic"assessment"of"the"processes"of"transition.
"The"following"section"present"a"brief"stateKofKtheKart"concerning"social"science"approaches"to"the"IP"address"transition"question"and"also"includes"a"presentation"of"the"theoretical"framework"for"the"analysis"in"the"paper.
"Thereafter,"there"is"a"section"on"the"status"of"the"transition"process"and"the"actors"–"corporate"and"otherwise"–"affecting"this"transition.
"This"is"followed"by"a"section"discussing"the"transition"process"in"light"of"the"relevant"theory"approaches"and"a"concluding"section.
""",2.
State1of1the1art,and,theory,framework,The"introduction"mentions"that"the"examination"of"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6"lends"itself"to"a"wide"range"of"nonKtechnical,"including"social"sciences,"approaches.
"In"a"seminal"paper"from"2010,"Milton"Mueller"4""'links"the"analysis"of"IP"address"policy"to"the"vocabulary"and"concepts"of"institutional"economics'"(Mueller,"2010).
"Mueller"(2010)"summarizes"institutional"economics"approaches"to"the"study"of"the"Internet"addressing"and"routing"space.
"Most"papers"and"other"publications"on"the"IP"addressing"system"has"either"a"technical"character"(e.
g.
"Punithavathani"&"Sankaranarayana,"2009)"or"is"mainly"a"description"of"the"development"of"the"transition"process"(e.
g.
"OECD,"2010).
"Other"papers"are"a"combination"of"development"descriptions"and"possible"policy"measures"(e.
g.
"OECD,"2008).
"Academic"papers"with"a"theoryKbased"social"science"approach"are"rather"rare"in"spite"of"the"promising"potentials"of"analyzing"IP"addressing"issue"from"different"social"science"perspectives.
""With"respect"to"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6,"theories"on"diffusion,"adoption"and"implementation"could"be"an"avenue.
"Game"theoretical"approaches"could"also"constitute"a"productive"framework1.
"And,"many"other"approaches"can"be"used.
"In"this"paper,"three"approaches"of"which"the"two"first"are"closely"related"are"used"for"understanding"the"transition"process.
"One"theoretical"area"is"concerned"with"path"dependence,"lockKin"and"switching"cost.
"The"other"K"and"related"K"framework"focuses"on"network"effects.
"The"third"approach"deals"with"the"characteristics"concerning"consumption"rivalry"and"excludability"regarding"IP"addresses.
"""Path"dependency"is"a"contested"notion.
"Paul"David"has"presented"the"generally"most"cited"papers"on"path"dependency"(e.
g.
"David,"1985),"while"Stan"Liebowitz"and"Stephen"Margolis"have"put"forward"a"criticism"of"the"concept"of"path"dependency"discussing"the"extent"of"its"applicability"(Liebowitz"and"Margolis,"1990).
"In"spite"of"this"controversy"which"in"essence"deals"with"the"extent"to"which"the"market"mechanisms"function"efficiently,"it"is"obvious"that"path"dependency"plays"a"role"in"the"processes"of"transition"from"the"IPv4"standard"to"IPv6.
"The"two"IP"standards"are"incompatible.
"They"can"only"communicate"with"one"another"via"translation"mechanisms.
"And,"as"the"IP"addressing"system"is"part"of"a"networked"system"–"the"Internet"–"there"are"network"effects"at"play.
"The"dominant"standard"will"be"the"more"attractive"of"the"two,"leading"to"a"situation"of"lockKin"and"switching"costs"unless"translation/conversion"mechanisms"are"installed"or"there"are"other"types"of"advantages"or"necessities"of"transiting"to"the"new"standard.
""The"result"has"been"that"although"the"IPv6"standard"was"developed"with"certain"inherent"advantages"as"compared"to"IPv4"regarding,"e.
g.
,"security,"QoS,"autoKconfiguration,"mobility,"and"multicasting,"IPv4"has"been"the"preferred"standard"by"equipment"and"service"producers"and"network"operators,"as"IPv4"is"the"standard"used"by"most"other"pieces"of"equipment"and"services"on"the"Internet.
"At"a"point"of"time,"however,"IPv6"will"eventually"be"the"dominant"standard"–"though"some"have"contested"that"this"will"ever"happen.
"The"question"is"when,"but"also"how,"the"tipping"point"will"be"reached"where"IPv6"will"be"dominant"and"network"effects"will"work"in"favor"of"IPv6.
"""""Having"known"for"a"long"time"that"IPv4"addresses"would"run"out,"different"initiatives"to"promote"IPv6"have"been"taken"from"Internet"governance"organizations"as"well"as"public"authorities"–"and"lately"also,"to"an"increasing"degree,"by"private"corporations.
"The"paper"discusses"such"initiatives"and"will"concentrate"on"one"measure"aiming"at"alleviating"the"problems"of"the"transition"between"the"two"IP"standards.
"The"issue"in"question"is"the"controversial"mechanism"of"market"transfer"of"IPv4"addresses.
"1"At"the"European"Regional"ITS"conference"in"2011,"a"paper"on"'GameKTheoretic"Analysis"of"IPv4KIPv6"Migration"Process'"by"Tuan"Anh"Trinh"and"Gyula"Sallai"was"presented.
"5""From"a"theory"point"of"view,"this"issue"has"be"discussed"by,"first"and"foremost,"Milton"Mueller"(2008"and"2010),"William"Lehr,"Tom"Vest,"and"Eliot"Lear"(2008),"and"Andrew"Dul"(2011).
"Adapted"from"Elinor"Ostrom"(2005),"Mueller"(2010)"discusses"the"goods"character"of"IP"address"standards.
"The"framework"from"Ostrom"(2005)"is"an"adaptation"from"the"theory"of"public"goods"first"presented"by"Paul"Samuelson"(1954).
"On"the"basis"of"this"paper"by"Samuelson,"a"twoKbyKtwo"table"with"rivalrous"""vs.
"nonKrivalrous"consumption"on"the"one"dimension"and"excludability"vs.
"nonKexcludability"on"the"other"can"be"constructed.
"This"leads"to"four"different"kinds"of"goods"having"different"positions"in"a"market"economy"(see"Figure"1).
"Figure,1:,Character,of,goods,"Excludable""NonKexcludable"Rivalrous""Private,goods,Common,goods,NonKrivalrous""Club,goods,Public,goods,,IP"addresses"have"in"policy"discussions"regarding"the"IP"addressing"system"been"referred"to"as"having"a"public"goods"character.
"This"is,"however,"a"highly"debatable"characterization,"as"the"notion"of"public"goods"entails"that"there"is"rivalry"in"consumption"as"well"as"excludability.
"Although"one"cannot"say"that"there"is"rivalry"in"the"consumption"of"IP"addresses"in"the"sense"of"final"consumption,"as"they"can"be"used"for"new"applications"after"having"served"a"former"purpose,"one"can"say"that"there"is"rivalry"in"occupation"(Mueller,"2010).
"This"applies"to"the"individual"IP"address"or"address"block,"and"as"the"number"of"IP"addresses"is"limited,"one"could"say"that"there"is"rivalry"in"consumption.
"Regarding"the"other"dimension,"even"if"allocation"and"assignment"of"IP"addresses"has"been"organized"with"a"conservation"purpose"in"mind,"reasonable"requests,"where"a"'need'"could"be"documented,"have"been"met.
"There"is"obviously"excludability"with"respect"to"the"individual"addresses"and"address"blocks,"but"other"IP"addresses"have"been"available"for"use.
""It"could,"therefore,"be"said"that"there"has"been"nonKexcludability.
"This"would"lead"to"the"conclusion"that"IP"addresses"have"been"common"goods"–"also"called"common"pool"resources2.
"With"the"depletion"of"IPv4"addresses,"however,"a"new"situation"arises,"where"there"is"no"longer"access"to"IPv4"addresses"unless"they"are"taken"away"(reclaimed)"and"reallocated"or"bought"from"someone"else.
"This"means,"in"relation"to"the"'character"of"goods'"table"that"IPv4"addresses"become"a"kind"of"private"goods.
"There"is"rivalry"in"occupation"and"there"is"excludability.
"This"is"the"basis"for"the"discussion"concerning"market"transfer"of"IPv4"addresses.
"It"is"also"the"basis"for"the"suggestions"regarding"reclamation"of"unused"IP"addresses.
"These"two"issues"are"interrelated"in"the"sense"that"a"reclamation"procedure"can"be"installed"with"the"internet"registries"(RIR"or"LIR)"as"the"organizers"of"a"market"transfer"of"IP"addresses.
"2"In"his"discussion"of"the"issue,"Mueller"(2010)"ends"up"by"concluding"that"there"is"rivalry"in"occupation"as"well"as"excludability,"as"the"allocation"and"assignment"system"is"a"mechanism"that"excludes"users"from"direct"access"to"the"appropriation"of"IP"addresses.
"The"major"reason"for"not"ending"up"with"a"market"based"allocation"and"assignment"of"IP"addresses"has,"according"to"Mueller"(2010),"has"been"to"secure"an"efficient"routing"system.
"""6""In"a"document"published"by"the"Internet"Governance"Project,"Mueller"(2008)"discusses"the"different"suggestions"for"market"transfer"of"IP"addresses"and"the"likely"implications.
"The"overall"conclusion"is"that"the"Internet"community"should"not"be"irrationally"concerned"about"the"prospects"of"market"transfer"mechanisms"and"should"even"get"started"before"IPv4"addresses"run"out"totally.
"The"paper"was"written"in"2008"and"now"in"2012"IPv4"addresses"have"actually"run"out"in"the"case"of"the"overall"IANA"allocations.
"The"discussion"of"market"transfer"is,"consequently,"more"acute"than"ever.
"In"a"paper"by"William"Lehr,"Tom"Vest,"and"Eliot"Lear"(2008),"the"economic"and"institutional"implications"of"implementing"market"mechanisms"in"the"allocation"of"IPv4"addresses"are"more"thoroughly"debated.
"The"authors"agree"that"the"implementation"of"market"mechanisms"is"probably"not"avoidable,"but"they"disagree"on"the"desirability"of"this"development.
"The"overall"concerns"are"primarily"with"the"institutional"consequences"for"the"present"IP"address"allocation"system,"which"has"hitherto"functioned"relatively"well,"and"with"the"implications"on"the"transition"to"IPv6.
"The"question"is"whether"it"will"retard"the"transition"process"or"whether"it"will"just"make"it"less"painful.
"""""3.
Status,,trends,and,actors,In"this"section,"we"provide"an"analysis"of"the"level"of"development"and"use"of"IPv4"and"IPv6"addresses,"i.
e.
"we"discuss"the"following"questions"mentioned"in"the"introductory"chapter"of"this"paper"a)What"is"the"status"for"the"allocation,"assignment"and"advertisement"of"IPV4"addresses"b)How"far"has"the"adoption"of"IPv6"come""In"the"discussion"of"the"adoption"of"IPv6,"apart"from"giving"the"current"status"of"adoption,"a"discussion"on"the"parameters"that"are"essential"in"driving"the"development"of"IPv6"is"given.
"a),Status&for&the&allocation,&assignment&and&advertisement&of&IPv4&addresses&Since"the"standardization"of"IPv6"in"the"beginning"of"1990s"it"has"been"obvious"that,"at"one"point"in"time,"address"resources"in"IPv4"would"be"insufficient"for"the"development"of"the"Internet.
"However,"the"timing"for"the"depletion"of"IP"numbers"has"been"forecasted"wrongly"(in"particular"by"the"IPv6"lobbyists)"in"favor"of"quicker"transition"to"the"IPv6"protocol.
"This"has"probably"had"the"opposite"effect"('the"wolf"is"coming')"on"the"transition.
"However,"as"seen"in"the"following"the"address"space"of"Ipv4"is"exhausted"in"some"regions"and"in"other"regions"will"be"exhausted"in"the"coming"years.
"The"effect"of"this"exhaustion"is"another"thing"that"is"discussed"in"the"following"section"of"this"paper.
"In"this"section,"we"try"to"give"a"realistic"status"picture"of"the"IPv4"address"issue"in"year"2012.
"Before"that"we"will"present"definitions"of"important"phases/aspects"of"the"use"of"IPv4"addresses:"Allocation,"assignment"and"advertisement.
"This"is"mainly"because"the"terms"are"used"differently"in"the"current"debate"on"IP"addresses.
"Allocation:"The"whole"IPv4"address"space"is"maintained"by"IANA"(Internet"Assigned"Number"Authority).
"IANA"allocates"blocks"of"IPv4"addresses"to"the"five"regional"RIRs"(Regional"Internet"Registries):"RIPE"NCC"(Réseaux"IP"Européens"Network"Coordination"Centre),"ARIN"(American"Registry"for"Internet"Numbers),"7""APNIC"(AsiaKPacific"Network"Information"Centre),"LACNIC"(Latin"America"and"Caribbean"Network"Information"Centre)"and"AfriNIC"(African"Network"Information"Centre).
"Assignment:"The"RIRs"assign"IPv4"addresses"to"ISPs,"network"operators"and"companies"in"their"region"based"on"certain"criteria.
"Advertisement:"Advertisement"denotes"the"part"of"assigned"IP"addresses"that"are"in"real"use.
"Many"of"the"addresses"that"are"assigned"are"not"in"use,"and"this"has"of"course"intensified"the"discussion"of"reKallocation/reKassignment"and"trade"in"IP"addresses.
"When"it"comes"to"the"allocation"of"IPv4"addresses"the"status"is"that,"apart"from"IETF"reserved"addresses,"all"the"addresses"are"allocated"to"different"RIRs.
"There"is,"however,"an"ongoing"discussion"concerning"the"fact"that"the"allocation"from"its"outset"has"been"uneven,"putting"developed"countries"and"in"particular"the"US"in"much"better"position"than"developing"countries,"a"problem"that"is"vital"for"the"accession"countries"due"to"their"economic"growth"and"dependency"to"the"Internet.
"Figure"2"shows"the"different"allocations.
""Figure,2:,IPv4,address,allocation,status3""3"http://labs.
apnic.
net"8""When"it"comes"to"the"assignment,"there"are"certain"evidences"that"the"different"RIRs"either"are"running"out"of"IPv4"addresses"or"will"run"out"in"the"near"future.
"The"following"figure"(figure"3)"indicates"the"RIRs"address"pool"exhaustion"dates.
"""Figure,3:,Projected,RIR,address,pool,exhaustion,dates4"The"figure"only"indicates"the"projected"IPv4"address"assigned"by"RIRs"and"does"not"say"anything"about"the"advertisement"part"(the"actual"use"of"address)"and"the"potential"for"trade/transfer"of"addresses"(intraKregion"or"interKregion).
"The"advertisement"issue"is"depicted"in"figure"4.
"The"figure"shows"that"the"portion"of"unused"IPv4"addresses"is"not"insignificant.
""4"http://www.
worldipv6launch.
org""9""Figure,4:,IPv4,address,advertisement,status5"b)&Adoption&of&IPv6&Even"though"the"address"space"of"IPv4"is"being"exhausted"in"a"relatively"short"term"at"the"global"plan,"the"adoption"of"IPv6"protocol"has"been"insignificantly"low"and"counts"for"below"1%"of"the"total"traffic"of"the"Internet.
"In"this"section"we"will"study"the"level"of"adoption"of"IPv6"in"different"markets/countries"and"give"some"indication"of"the"major"driving"forces"for"the"development.
"APNIC"on"their"web"site:"http://labs.
apnic.
net"organizes"different"upKtoKdate"statistics"about"IPv6"adoption"over"the"whole"world6.
"The"following"map"(which"is"interactive"on"the"web"site)"gives"the"current"status"of"adoption""""Figure,5:,IPv6,adoption,map7""The"map"shows"that"even"though"the"deployment"is"not"high"anywhere,"there"are"some"differences"in"the"level"of"adoption"and,"e.
g.
,"the"US,"some"European"countries"and"China"and"Japan"are"in"the"forefront"of"deployment.
"""The"same"resource"gives"a"current"estimate"of"the"status"on"the"country/market"basis.
"In"the"following"figure,"the"top"10"IPv6"countries"in"the"world"are"depicted.
""5"http://labs.
apnic.
net"6"To"do"the"estimates,"an"IPv6"deployment"measurement"has"been"set"up"that"tests"a"randomly"selected"set"of"some"1"million"users"per"day"by"posing"to"their"web"browser"the"same"simple"IPv6"capability"test"(Source:"Geoff"Huston"in"the"ISP"column"–"June"2012).
"7"http://labs.
apnic.
net"10"""Figure,6:,Use,ratio,of,IPv6,users,relative,to,Internet,users,in,top,10,countries"8"The"percents"in"the"figure"indicate"the"ratio"of"IPv6"users"relative"to"the"number"of"Internet"users"and"for"example"in"a"country"like"China"there"are"over"five"million"IPv6"users.
"The"figure"shows"that"the"top"ten"countries"consist"of"some"European"countries,"the"US"and"China"and"Japan.
"It"is"not"surprising"that"China"is"among"top"10"IPv6"countries"as"they"have"suffered"from"low"allocations"of"IPv4"address"space.
""On"the"other"hand,"many"of"developed"countries"with"high"rates"of"internet"users"like"the"UK"are"far"behind"in"the"process.
"The"same"source"shows"that"UK"with"0.
08%"of"Internet"users"is"in"the"same"group"of"countries"like"Kazakhstan"(0.
07%)"and"New"Zealand"(0.
07%).
"However,"it"is"an"interesting"research"question"to"study"the"reasons"for"these"deployment"levels"in"different"countries.
"This"is"partly"done"in"the"next"section"that"focuses"on"the"drivers"and"barriers"for"the"development"of"the"IPv6"protocol.
"In"the"following,"we"provide"a"discussion"of"some"of"the"driving"forces"for"the"adoption"of"the"IPv6"protocol.
"The"main"reasons"for"developing"the"IPv6"protocol"was"the"insufficient"address"space"of"IPv4"and"some"traffic"engineering"considerations"of"enabling"QoS"and"security"in"the"IP"networks.
"Today"it"seems"that"the"address"issue"is"the"vital"issue"as"the"lack"of"addresses"has"forced"the"development"into"the"current"paradigm"that"compromises"one"of"the"main"characteristics"of"the"IP"networks,"namely"the"endKtoKend"principles,"and"creates"a"number"of"ad"hoc"/complex"solutions"to"cope"with"the"scarcity"situation.
"The"endKtoKend"principle"that"was"first"introduced"in"a"paper"entitled"'EndKtoKend"argument"in"system"design'"(Saltzer"et"al.
,"1981)"has"been"instrumental"in"the"way"the"Internet"has"developed.
"In"the"Internet,"the"network"design"has"be"based"on"a"'dumb"core"network',"where"processing"is"moved"to"the"edge"of"the"network.
"For"the"endKtoKend"principle"to"work"efficiently"it"is"needed"that"all"devices"have"a"public"IP"address"and"can"communicate"with"each"other"without"being"hidden"behind"different"Network"Address"8"Based"on"http://labs.
apnic.
net"0,000%"0,100%"0,200%"0,300%"0,400%"0,500%"0,600%"0,700%"0,800%"IPv6,AdopNon,IPv6"Adopmon"11""Translations"(NAT).
"NAT"has"been"an"efficient"way"of"reusing"the"private"addresses"in"the"IPv4"era"but"it"has"worked"against"the"endKtoKend"principle"and"established"complexities"for"new"innovations"and"services.
"The"recreation"of"the"original"endKtoKend"architectures"requires"the"shift"to"IPv6.
"But"this"has"shown"to"be"difficult"because"the"Internet"is"a"network"of"networks"with"a"number"of"independent"and"autonomous"actors"driving"the"process.
""However,"many"market"players"and"decision"makers"can"see"the"unavoidability"of"the"change"and"in"recent"years"we"have"seen"a"number"of"factors"and"initiatives"that"seem"to"drive"the"process"of"change.
"In"the"rest"of"this"section,"we"will"list"some"of"the"major"drivers"for"this"development"and,"based"on"these"and"the"discussions"above"regarding"the"status"of"IPv4"and"IPv6,"we"conclude"that"2012"is"an"important"turning"point"in"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6.
"Exhaustion,of,IPv4,addresses:"The"exhaustion"of"aIPV4"addresses"will"in"itself"stimulate"the"demand"for"IPv6"addresses.
"This"can"have"different"effects"in"different"part"of"the"world"and"can"stimulate"the"change"more"rapidly"in"the"developing"countries"and"in"particular"the"emerging"economies.
""National,rankings:"For"a"number"of"years"we"have"had"national"rankings"in"the"study"of"broadband"development,"however,"the"broadband"infrastructures"will"be"real"IP"infrastructures"when"the"endKtoKend"architecture"is"implemented"and"this"requires"the"deployment"of"IPv6.
"In"future"research,"it"could"be"interesting"to"follow"the"national"rankings"and"identify"the"dynamics"of"this"development.
""This"could,"like"broadband,"stimulate"the"development"of"IPv6"Policy,initiatives:"Specific"policy"initiatives"can"stimulate"the"transition.
"One"of"the"known"instruments"is"to"mandate"the"adoption"of"the"new"technologies"in"the"public"institution.
"In"this"context,"one"important"initiative"is"the"US"government's"initiative"of"transition"to"IPv6"for"all"governmental"web"sites"in"the"US"by"the"end"of"2012.
"In"the"EU,"the"issue"of"transition"to"IPv6"was"the"only"agenda"point"in"the"Digital"Agenda"Assembly"of"June"2011.
"During"this"meeting"it"was"discussed"to"take"the"same"type"of"actions"as"in"the"US"and"mandate"the"governments"to"make"the"transition"in"the"public"web"sites.
"Furthermore,"the"discussions"in"the"assembly"showed"that"different"European"countries"have"already"similar"initiatives"with"Germany"to"be"ahead"of"other"EU"countries.
""Internet,Society,IPv6,day,2011,initiative:"On"8"June"2011"the"ISOC"planed"a"one"day"IPv6"event"where"the"major"ISPs"and"web"site"provides"like"Google"and"Facebook"enabled"IPv6"during"the"day.
"Even"though"the"amount"of"IPv6"traffic"was"insignificant"also"during"this"day"the"initiative"has"been"evaluated"as"being"a"successful"well"performed"global"scale"trial,"leading"to"observation"of"some"interoperability"issues"and"fixing"them.
""Support,from,major,market,players,and,'the,ISOCs,IPv6,day,2012':"An"important"driver"is"the"support"from"major"market"players"and"this"has"been"materialized"by"making"the"IPv6""day"of"2012"permanent,"i.
e.
"from"6"June"2012"a"number"of"market"players"have"permanently"turned"on"IPv6"as"part"of"their"core"products.
"These"market"players"are:"3000+"web"site"operators"(like"AOL,"Bing,"Google,"Facebook,"etc.
),"65"network"operators"(like"Time"Warner"Cable,"Free,"Verizon"Wireless,"etc.
),"and"5"router"vendors"(CISCO,"DKLink,"NEC,"YAMAHA,"ZYXEL).
"9"9"Worldipv6launch.
com""12""Access,to,the,content:"One"of"the"issues"discussed"in"the"aforementioned"European"Digital"Assembly"was"the"need"to"be"accessible"to/from"developing"world"(DAE,"2011).
"The"assumption"was"that"in"the"future"some"content"and"applications"may"be"accessible"only"on"the"IPv6"platforms"and"to"avoid"this,"Europe"must"speed"up"the"transition"for"not"falling"behind.
"Internet,of,Things:"The"Internet"is"entering"a"new"paradigm,"where"the"number"of"connected"things/devices/objects"is"increasing"massively.
"This"is"based"on"the"development"of"sensors"and"sensor"networks"which"are"incorporated"in"all"kinds"of"smart"solutions"that"are"leaving"the"labs"and"entering"the"markets,"these"being"the"smart"home,"smart"energy,"smart"learning,"smart"traffic,"etc.
"This"has"resulted"in"a"situation"where"the"requirements"on"the"address"space"expand.
"The"vision"of"World"Wireless"Research"Forum"(WWRF)"for"2017"is"that"by"that"year"there"will"be"7"trillion"wireless"devices"in"the"world"(WWRF,"2009).
"A"study"done"by"Cisco"IBSG"research"estimates"that"there"will"be"25"billion"devices"connected"to"the"Internet"by"2015"and"50"billion"by"2020.
"This"is"depicted"in"the"following"figure:""Figure,7:,The,Internet,of,things"(Source:"Evans,"D.
"(2011))"There"are,"furthermore,"a"number"of"standardization"initiatives"like"RPL"–"IPv6"Routing"Protocol"for"Low"power"Lossy"Networks"(LLN)"and"6LowPAN"–"IPv6"over"Low"Power"Wireless"Personal"Networks,"to"make"IPv6"more"compatible"with"the"low"capacity"small"devices"/"objects"(Atzori"et"al.
,"2010,"Hui"et"al.
,"2008).
"Other"studies"show"that"many"light"weights"IPv6"implementation"like"implementation"of"TinyOSKbased"IPv6"stack"are"available"on"the"market,"where""IP"can"successfully"work"in"as"little"as"a"few"kilobytes"of"RAM"(Dunkels"et"al.
,"2008).
"All"of"these"are"good"indications"for"at"Internet"of"Things"/"objects"will"be"a"major"drivingKforce"in"the"future"development"of"IPv6.
""13""4.
Discussion,This"section"will"mainly"discuss"two"issues:"Which"and"who"are"the"main"drivers"and"inhibitors"of"the"take"up"of"IPv6"and"can"tipping"points"in"this"development"be"identified"And,"what"will"be"the"effect"of"a"system"with"market"transfers"of"IPv4"address"blocks"with"respect"to"the"extension"of"the"IPv6"take"up"period"""As"shown"in"the"previous"section,"there"is"a"high"degree"of"hysteresis"and"path"dependence"in"the"transition"process"between"IPv4"and"IPv6.
"The"basic"reason"is"the"installed"base"of"IPv4"addresses"where"network"effects"are"at"work"in"direction"of"the"preservation"of"IPv4"dominance.
"IPv4"equipment,"services"and"applications"communicate"with"other"IPv4"enabled"nodes"on"the"network,"while"translation"mechanisms"are"needed"for"communications"between"IPv4"and"IPv6"devices.
"IP"versions"4"and"6"are"not"compatible"and"there"are"considerable"switching"costs"for"the"IP"system"at"such"as"well"as"for"the"individual"producers"of"equipment"and"services"and"the"users.
"""The"switching"costs"are"related"to"investments,"operations,"and"training.
"In"order"to"communicate,"using"the"IPv6"standard,"new"equipment"has"to"be"developed"and"bought,"operation"procedures"have"to"be"changed,"and"staff"has"to"be"trained.
"It"is"estimated"that"for"large"organizations,"it"may"take"up"to"a"couple"of"years"to"make"a"full"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6"with"all"the"different"installations,"procedures"and"training"elements"that"need"to"be"in"place.
""From"a"system"point"of"view,"there"are"huge"costs"of"shifting"from"one"system"to"another,"and"one"of"the"questions"is"how"these"costs"will"be"distributed"among"the"different"actors:"equipment"producers,"service"and"application"providers,"and"users.
"From"the"single"actor"point"of"view,"the"costs"will"be"highest"at"the"beginning"of"the"process"and"the"incentives"to"shift"are"practically"nonKexisting.
"There"are"no"real"firstKmover"advantages"even"though"IPv6"in"principle"entails"a"number"of"builtKin"improvements"as"compared"to"IPv4.
"Upgrades"and"workarounds"relating"to"IPv4"have"been"implemented"over"the"years"making"the"immediate"advantages"of"IPv6"bleaker.
""Many"incremental"innovations"and"improvements"have"been"deployed"in"the"IPv4"system.
"This"applies,"for"instance,"to"security"improvements.
"When"implementing"the"IPv6"protocol,"users"may"experience"new"security"issues"that"they"did"not"have"with"the"IPv4"system,"and"the"anticipation"of"such"problems"holds"back"the"uptake"of"IPv6.
"The"IPv6"system"makes"it"possible"to"reKinstall"the"original"idea"of"the"IP"system"as"a"complete"endKtoKend"system"which"may"entail"certain"security"problems.
"The"private"addresses"in"the"IPv4"system"have"had"the"sideKeffect"of"acting"as"a"kind"of"firewall"protecting"the"private"systems.
"When"implementing"IPv6,"it"may"be"necessary"to"develop"similar"firewall"mechanisms.
"In"practice,"most"IPv6"implementations"are"dual"stack"arrangements,"meaning"that"the"equipment,"services,"or"applications"will"operate"an"IPv4"stack"as"well"as"an"IPv6"stack.
"Such"dual"stack"arrangements"add"to"the"costs"of"IPv6"implementation"and"also"add"to"the"complexity"of"the"system.
""Deployment"of"the"IPv6"standard"has"come"further"on"the"server"side"compared"to"the"service"and"application"side.
"But"it"is"a"chicken"and"egg"situation"or"a"situation"with"a"mutual"dependence.
"Services"and"applications"based"on"IPv6"will"first"be"developed"when"servers"are"moving"in"that"direction"and"vice"versa.
"However,"as"shown"in"the"previous"section,"it"seems"that"more"private"business"organizations"on"the"equipment"side"as"well"as"the"service"and"application"side"have"taken"decisive"steps"to"implement"IPv6"not"only"on"a"trial"basis"but"permanently.
""""14""When"examining"the"inhibiting"factor,"the"private"addressing"system"also"needs"to"be"discussed.
"Private"addresses"were"from"the"inception"of"the"system"reserved"for"uses"within"private"settings.
"An"implication"of"this"system"is"that"those"using"private"addresses"can"have"many"more"pieces"of"equipment"or"services"on"their"systems"than"the"number"of"IP"addresses"they"have.
"This"lowers"the"pressure"on"the"IPv4"address"space"and"can,"consequently,"contribute"to"the"prolongation"of"this"system.
""On"the"other"hand,"the"translation"system"that"facilitates"the"use"of"private"addresses"also"translates"between"IPv4"and"IPv6,"which"may"lower"the"barriers"to"a"transition"to"IPv6.
"In"fact,"the"system"of"private"addresses"as"well"as"the"translation"between"IPv4"and"6"'softens"up'"the"transition"process,"in"the"present"situation,"more"than"it"hinders"the"transition.
"If"trying"to"answer"the"'who'Kquestion"regarding"inhibition"of"the"transition"to"IPv6,"the"organizations"that"have"been"the"slowest"to"adopt"are"the"service"and"application"providers.
"Server"producers"have"been"faster.
"The"individual"users"will"mostly"not"be"aware"of"whether"they"communicate"via"IPv4"or"IPv6.
"They"just"want"to"be"able"to"access"all"services,"and"this"has"held"back"service"and"application"providers.
""On"the"driver"side"concerning"the"transition"to"IPv6,"there"is"primarily"the"fact"that"IPv4"addresses"are"running"out.
"This"has"now"and"then"been"formulated"as"'hitting"a"wall',"but"in"actual"fact"it's"a"more"extended"and"softer"process,"for"instance"because"of"the"system"of"private"addresses"but"also,"as"we"shall"see,"the"potential"development"of"market"transfer"mechanisms.
"The"two"systems"will"coKexist"for"a"long"period"of"time"still"with"dual"stack"arrangements"but"also"translation"mechanisms"and"tunneling"technologies.
"There"will,"thus,"be"parallel"systems"running"which"is"more"costly"and"complex"than"maintaining"one"system,"and"this"can,"in"itself,"at"a"point"of"time"contribute"to"the"full"transition"to"IPv6.
"While"the"original"development"of"the"IPv4"system"and"its"continued"existence"function"almost"automatically"because"of"network"effects,"turning"the"system"around"towards"IPv6"requires"strong"actors"with"a"keen"interest"in"promoting"the"transition.
"The"main"drivers"have"traditionally"been"the"organizations,"either"nonKgovernmental"or"governmental,"which"have"broader"interests"than"the"individual"companies"trying"to"limit"their"individual"costs"on"a"relatively"shortKterm"basis.
"This"means"the"Internet"community"and"its"organization,"international"organization"like"ITU,"OECD"and"the"EU,"and"national"public"authorities.
"These"institutions"have"for"many"years"tried"to"promote"the"IPv6"standard,"as"they"been"in"a"position"to"foresee"the"exhaustion"of"IPv4"addresses.
"Many"different"initiatives"have"been"taken"including"public"authorities"implementing"IPv6.
"But"the"fact"is"that"the"development"of"IPv6"hitherto"has"moved"very"slowly.
"Initiatives"promoting"IPv6"have"for"many"years"not"had"much"impact"on"the"deployment"and"use"of"IPv6.
"Recent"data"has"generally"shown"that"IPv6"traffic"has"been"well"under"1%"of"total"Internet"traffic.
"Lately,"however,"private"corporations"have"begun"to"put"more"emphasis"on"deploying"IPv6.
"In"the"previous"section,"it"is"shown"how"an"increasing"number"of"the"large"players"on"the"Internet"have"committed"to"enabling"IPv6"traffic"on"a"permanent"basis.
"This"has"been"announced"in"relation"to"the"IPv6"day"on"6"June"this"year.
"In"2011,"there"was"also"an"IPv6"day,"but"for"many"of"the"companies"participating"in"the"activities"on"that"day,"it"was"only"on"a"trial"basis.
"The"trial,"however,"documented"that"running"IPv6"on"a"larger"scale"was"possible"and"has"thus"paved"the"way"for"the"permanent"commitments"in"2012.
"""""""On"the"more"structural"side,"the"fast"development"of"Internet"users"and"the"spread"of"new"applications"and"devices"put"a"pressure"on"the"transition"to"the"IPv6"system"with"its"almost"infinite"numbering"space.
"As"discussed"in"the"previous"section,"Internet"of"Things"(IoT)"is"one"of"these"developments.
"IoT"can,"of"course,"15""also"function"in"a"system"of"private"addresses,"but"if"the"perspectives"in"IoT"are"to"be"extensively"developed,"a"huge"number"of"addresses"is"needed,"and"reKinstalling"a"full"endKtoKend"system"can"also"have"advantages"for"IoT.
"Internet"'purists'"have"for"long"been"campaigning"for"promoting"the"endKtoKend"function"of"the"system,"and"though"such"purist"positions"may"not"in"themselves"have"a"great"influence"on"the"actual"implementation,"it"does"affect"the"policy"processes"in"Internet"organizations.
"The"endKtoKend"mechanism"and"can"also"be"the"basis"for"an"extension"of"innovation"initiatives"relating"to"Internet.
""Another"structural"factor"is"that"there"are"difficulties"in"running"two"parallel"systems.
"This"applies"to"increased"delays,"problems"of"running"P2P"applications,"VoIP,"and"locationKbased"services.
"It"also"means"that"there"are"services"which"are"difficult"to"access.
"The"complexity"of"the"system"becomes"high"with"parallel"systems"and"with"translation"mechanisms.
"This"can"also"lead"to"an"increased"pressure"for"the"wider"spread"of"IPv6.
""Lastly,"there"are"the"areas"of"the"world"that"only"have"small"allocations"of"IPv4"addresses.
"This"applies"to"the"APNIC"region"(Asia"and"Oceania),"to"Africa"(AfriNIC)"and"Latin"America"(LACNIC).
"Among"these"regions,"Internet"development"has"been"fastest"in"Asia"and"Oceania,"first"and"foremost"China"and"India,"and"we"have"also"witnessed"IPv6"development"in"this"region.
"However,"when"looking"at"IPv6"development"from"a"country"perspective,"the"fastest"developments"are"not"necessarily"among"the"countries"with"the"lowest"allocations.
"Countries"in"Europe"and"North"America"are"high"on"the"list"of"frontrunners"in"the"field.
"""The"discussion"on"the"barriers"and"drivers"of"IPv6"leads"to"the"question"as"to"where"the"tipping"points"are"in"this"development.
"There"are"obviously"different"tipping"points,"where"an"important"point"will"be"reached"when"there"are"more"IPv6"than"IPv4"enabled"pieces"of"equipment"and"services.
"Network"effects"will"then"be"strongest"in"favor"of"IPv6.
"However,"an"important"tipping"point"is"reached"long"before"this.
"If"a"tipping"point"is"defined,"as"in"sociology,"as"the"event"of"a"previously"rare"phenomenon"becoming"rapidly"more"common,"the"events"and"commitments"around"the"IPv6"day"in"2012"could"be"considered"as"a"tipping"point.
"On"the"SKcurve,"we"are"still"at"the"very"bottom.
"However,"we"are"approaching"the"position"on"the"curve,"where"growth"becomes"increasingly"shaper"and"where"an"initial"takeKoff"begins.
""Another"and"more"important"discussion"relates"to"the"implications"of"implementing"market"transfer"mechanisms.
"This"has"been"a"controversial"discussion"as"market"mechanisms"run"counter"to"the"traditional"mode"of"functioning"of"the"IP"addressing"system.
"In"the"traditional"system,"IANA"allocates"address"block"to"the"regional"registries"(RIR),"which"when"allocates"to"local"or"national"registries"and"further"down"the"line,"IP"address"blocks"are"assigned"to"private"market"actors,"e.
g.
"the"ISPs.
"The"ISPs"and"other"market"actors"do"not"own"the"addresses;"they"have"the"use"right,"and"addresses"have"traditionally"not"been"transferred"to"other"user"entities.
""However,"with"the"depletion"of"IPv4"addresses,"the"issue"of"reclaiming"of"IP"addresses"and"market"transfer"becomes"relevant.
"Previously,"the"IP"addressing"space"could"be"looked"upon"as"a"'common"pool'"as"discussed"in"the"theory"section"of"the"paper.
"But"when"there"is"depletion,"one"could"say"that"IP"addresses"increasingly"have"a"private"goods"character.
"This"is"the"situation"where"markets"come"into"question.
""Transfers"are"already"taking"place"today.
"In"reality,"they"have"taken"place"for"many"years"–"but"in"a"kind"of"grey"zone,"where"companies"having"a"block"of"IP"addresses"have"been"sold"to"another"company.
"In"a"paper"from"2012,"Mueller"(2012)"reports"that"'over"three"dozen"transactions"in"IP"address"blocks"are"documented"16""in"the"ARIN"region'.
"And,"there"are"address"brokers"being"formed,"e.
g.
"http://tradeipv4.
com,"and"ARIN"has"a"listing"service"for"the"transfer"of"IP"address"blocks"(Dul,"2011).
""""The"question"could"be"raised"whether"market"transfer"mechanisms"will"extend"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6,"as"transfers"will"provide"the"possibility"for"new"users"to"get"access"to"IPv4"addresses"even"though"there"are"no"more"address"blocks"for"allocation.
"This"issues"has"been"discussed"widely"in"the"Internet"community"and"has"also"been"examined"academically"by,"e.
g.
,"Mueller"(2008"and"2012),"Lehr"et"al.
"(2008),"and"Dul"(2011).
"The"strongest"arguments"coming"out"of"these"discussions"are,"on"the"one"hand,"that"setting"a"price"on"IPv4"address"blocks"will"lead"to"increased"costs"of"acquiring"IPv4"addresses"and"will"eventually"lead"to"increased"incentives"for"take"up"of"IPv6"addresses,"which"will"still"be"a"free"common"pool"resource.
"This"is"the"traditional"economics"argument,"and"will"be"likely"to"apply"in"this"case.
"Another"argument"is"that"there"will,"at"any"rate,"be"a"continued"pressure"on"IPv4"addresses"even"when"more"organizations"and"people"start"using"IPv6.
"This"is"because"the"dual"stack"arrangement"will"require"a"continued"demand"for"IPv4"addresses.
"A"market"mechanism"will"see"to"it"that"the"problems"in"this"process,"which"in"the"end"will"lead"to"the"dominance"of"IPv6,"will"be"alleviated.
"Both"these"arguments"speak"in"favor"of"implementing"market"transfer"mechanisms"and"also"that"it"is"not"likely"that"market"transfer"mechanisms"will"retard"transition"to"any"great"extent.
"An"obvious"problem"is"that"there"are"no"general"rules"in"the"Internet"community"(IANA"and"the"RIR,"etc.
)"for"such"market"transfer"mechanisms"–"as"pointed"out"by"Mueller"(2012).
"Without"any"general"rules,"the"markets"will"develop"in"different"directions"making"the"international"market"unclear.
"There"is,"at"least,"an"issue"here"that"needs"to"be"debated.
"""5.
Conclusion,Already"at"the"beginning"of"2011,"IANA"ran"out"of"available"IPv4"address"blocks.
"In"2012,"IPNIC"K"the"regional"registry"for"Asia"and"Pacific"K"has"also"run"out"of"IPv4"address"blocks"for"allocation,"and"the"other"regional"registries"will"run"out"in"the"following"years.
"This"will,"obviously,"put"pressure"on"the"whole"Internet"system,"as"the"number"of"users"keeps"on"increasing,"and"especially"the"applications"will"grow"enormously"in"numbers"in"the"coming"year,"for"instance"with"Internet"of"Things.
""IPv6"is"there"to"replace"IPv4,"but"even"though"IPv6"addresses"have"been"available"since"1996,"the"development"of"IPv6"has"been"very"slow.
"The"reasons"are"multiple"but"can"be"summarized"in"the"hysterisis"and"path"dependence"in"the"system,"which"is"caused"by"the"many"different"kinds"of"switching"costs"associated"with"a"transition.
"At"present,"IPv6"traffic"is"well"below"1%"of"total"Internet"traffic.
""Lately,"however,"it"seems"that"a"takeKoff"of"IPv6"is"beginning"to"take"place.
"In"the"paper,"we"have"characterized"this"as"a"tipping"point"in"the"development"of"the"transition"from"IPv4"to"IPv6.
"If"following"the"sociologically"oriented"definition"of"a"tipping"point"as"the"event"of"a"previously"rare"phenomenon"becoming"rapidly"more"common,"such"a"characterization"seems"to"be"appropriate.
"In"connection"with"the"IPv6"day"on"6"June"2012,"a"considerable"number"of"large"Internet"players"committed"themselves"to"enabling"IPv6"traffic"on"their"systems"permanently.
"""17""In"the"paper"it"is"also"discussed"what"the"likely"implications"a"market"transfer"system"for"IPv4"addresses"will"be"for"the"further"implementation"of"the"IPv6"protocol.
"The"conclusion"is"that"this"will"not"in"any"significant"manner"retards"the"growth"of"IPv6.
"Not"only"will"a"transfer"system"lead"to"higher"costs"of"getting"access"to"IPv4"address"blocks,"which"eventually"will"be"an"incentive"for"IPv6"growth.
"It"will"also"alleviate"the"problems"related"to"IPv6"deployment,"as"there"will"continuously"be"a"need"for"IPv4"addresses,"as"the"transition"will"witness"parallel"systems"for"many"years"to"come"with"dual"stack"arrangements.
"""6.
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