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923LetitsnowGlobalsnowcoveragehasdeclinedsubstantiallywithanthropogenicwarming,impactingbiological,socio-economicandphysicalsystems.
ThisissueincludesasuiteofComments,Reviews,Perspectivesandoriginalresearchdocumentingtheimportanceofsnowintheclimatesystem,andhowthismaychangewithcontinuedwarming.
AsGameofThronescharacterJonSnowforewarns,"Winteriscoming",andformany(includingthoseinthefictitiouslandofWesteros)thismeanssnow.
Imagesofsnowballfights,snowmen,skiingandthefestiveseason(atleastintheNorthernHemisphere)aresynonymouswithwinter.
ButsnowisfarmoreimportantthanprovidingopportunitiesforwinterrecreationorGameofThronesmemes.
Snowisakeycomponentoftheglobalclimatesystem,influencingsurfaceenergybudgets,regulatingtemperatures,drivingatmosphericteleconnectionsandgoverninghydrologicalsystems.
Asweexploreinthisissueandinanaccompanyingonlinecollection—www.
nature.
com/collections/snow—theroleofsnowisbeingimpactedbyanthropogenicclimatechange,withpotentiallysevereimplications.
Snowiscreatedwhensufficientlymoistairisexposedtotemperaturesbelow2°C,formingicecrystalsthatagglomerateandfallundertheirownweight.
Therefore,withwarmertemperatures,ithaslongbeenrecognizedthatglobalsnowcoverwilldecline.
Naturally,warmingpreventssnowformation(causingittoinsteadfallasrain)andacceleratesthemeltofexistingsnowpacks1.
Surfacedarkeningassociatedwithlight-absorbingparticles(suchasdustandblackcarbon)isfurtherknowntohavedrivencontemporarymeltofthecryosphereviaperturbationstosurfacealbedo.
IntheirReviewinthisissue,McKenzieSkilesandco-workerssuggestthiseffectmaybeenhancedinthefutureduetogreaterdustdepositionassociatedwitharidification,aswellasincreasingblackcarbonemissionsinindustrializingnations.
AsreportedbyKatBormannandcolleagues,snowcoverageisnowonemonthshorteracrosslargeswathesoftheNorthernHemispherecomparedto40yearsago.
Wherefeedbackpotentialisstrongest,thesechangesaremostnotable,includingacrossEurasia.
Synthesizing30yearsofresearch,GinaHendersonandco-authorsillustratethatsnowvariabilityinthisregioncanforceshiftsintheNorthAtlanticOscillation(orNorthernAnnularMode),perturbingtheatmosphericcirculation,andthereforetemperatureandprecipitationpatterns,acrossmuchoftheNorthernHemisphere.
EurasiansnowcoveralsoplaysastrongroleindeterminingthetimingandstrengthoftheAsiansummermonsoons2,whichmillionsrelyonforfreshwater.
Snow–atmospherecouplingthereforehasthepotentialtoextendtheclimaticimpactsofsnowvariabilityfarbeyondtheregionsofanomaloussnow.
Changesinsnowcover,however,arenotconfinedtosuchcontinentalscales.
AsBormannetal.
document,markedsnowlosshasalsobeenobservedinseveralmountainlocationssuchastheSierraNevadaandHighMountainAsia,wheremeltisintegralforsociety.
ASnapshotinthisissue,forexample,emphasizeshowchangingsnowmeltcharacteristics—earliermeltanddecreasedflow3—imperilwatersecurityinheavilypopulatedregionsincludingthewesternUnitedStates,IndiaandChina.
Suchshiftsinsnowmeltfurtherthreatenhydropowerproduction,akeyenergysourceintheselocations.
Althoughshiftsinsnowmayhavebroaderconsequencesbeyondtheregionsofdirectsnowcover,theireffectscanalsobemorelocal.
Inmountainregions,forexample,snowsupportseconomiesthroughwintertourismandrecreation.
Withdeterioratingsnowconditions,itisclearthatsnowtourismhasbegun,andwillcontinue,tosuffer:mostglobalskiresortsreportshorterskiseasons,increasedartificialsnow-makingandlowertouristnumbers4.
Indeed,skiresortsfromtheUnitedStates5toAustralia6areprojectedtobecomelesseconomicallyviableinthenearfuture.
Inaddition,theseresortsmayfacefurtherrisksfromavalanches,aswarmertemperaturesandincreasedrain-on-snoweventsacttodestabilizethesnowpack(seetheFeaturebyOliveHeffernaninthisissue).
Snowisalsoanimportantdeterminantofbiologicalcommunitiesandecosystemfunction7,actingasaprotectiveinsulatinglayeragainstextremeatmosphericcold,arefugeforhibernationandacontrolonplantphenology.
Anychangeinsnowcharacteristicsinfluencesthesefunctions.
Forexample,increasesinrain-on-snoweventsraisethelikelihoodofice-layersforminginthesnowpack,threateningplants,herbivores(suchaslemmingsandreindeer)andtheircorrespondingpredators8.
Inthisissue,PekkaNiittynenandcolleaguesfurtherdemonstratethatreductionsinsnow-coverdurationaccelerateratesoflocalmoss,lichenandvascularplantextinctioninFennoscandia.
Thechangingnatureofsnowunderanthropogenicwarming—includingcoverage,durationandmeltcharacteristics—standstoexertsubstantialimpactsacrossphysical,biologicalandsocio-economicsystems.
However,ourunderstandingoftheseimpactsisoftenconstrainedbyinadequatesnowobservations,limitedinbothspatialandtemporalresolution.
Indeed,acommonthemeacrossmanypiecesinthissnowissueistheneedforfurtherobservations,beittoconstrainmodels,validateremotesensingproductsorquantifycurrentsnowmeltrates.
AssuggestedinaSnapshot,citizenscienceprojectsmayoffersomehopeforincreasingthenumberoffieldmeasurements.
Nevertheless,itisclearthatfurthereffortsareneededtoadapttopresent-dayandprojecteddeclinesinsnowcover.
Publishedonline:29October2018https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41558-018-0332-5References1.
Mote,P.
W.
,Hamlet,A.
F.
,Clark,M.
P.
&Lettenmaier,D.
P.
Bull.
Am.
Meteorol.
Soc.
86,39–49(2005).
2.
Halder,S.
&Dirmeyer,P.
A.
J.
Clim.
30,1273–1289(2017).
3.
Berghuijs,W.
R.
,Woods,R.
A.
&Hrachowitz,M.
Nat.
Clim.
Change4,583–586(2014).
4.
Scott,D.
,Gssling,S.
&Hall,C.
M.
WIREsClim.
Change3,213–232(2012).
5.
Dawson,J.
&Scott,D.
Tour.
Manage.
35,244–254(2013).
6.
Konig,U.
Geogr.
Helv.
54,147–157(2018).
7.
Bokhorst,S.
etal.
Ambio5,516–537(2016).
8.
Hansen,B.
B.
etal.
Science339,313–315(2013).
Credit:IvanKmit/AlamyStockPhotoNatureClimateChange|VOL8|NOVEMBER2018|923|www.
nature.
com/natureclimatechange
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