matchedcrontab

V2616LinuxUser'sManualFirstEdition,October2011www.
moxa.
com/product2011MoxaInc.
Allrightsreserved.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualThesoftwaredescribedinthismanualisfurnishedunderalicenseagreementandmaybeusedonlyinaccordancewiththetermsofthatagreement.
CopyrightNotice2011MoxaInc.
Allrightsreserved.
TrademarksTheMOXAlogoisaregisteredtrademarkofMoxaInc.
Allothertrademarksorregisteredmarksinthismanualbelongtotheirrespectivemanufacturers.
DisclaimerInformationinthisdocumentissubjecttochangewithoutnoticeanddoesnotrepresentacommitmentonthepartofMoxa.
Moxaprovidesthisdocumentasis,withoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,including,butnotlimitedto,itsparticularpurpose.
Moxareservestherighttomakeimprovementsand/orchangestothismanual,ortotheproductsand/ortheprogramsdescribedinthismanual,atanytime.
Informationprovidedinthismanualisintendedtobeaccurateandreliable.
However,Moxaassumesnoresponsibilityforitsuse,orforanyinfringementsontherightsofthirdpartiesthatmayresultfromitsuse.
Thisproductmightincludeunintentionaltechnicalortypographicalerrors.
Changesareperiodicallymadetotheinformationhereintocorrectsucherrors,andthesechangesareincorporatedintoneweditionsofthepublication.
TechnicalSupportContactInformationwww.
moxa.
com/supportMoxaAmericasToll-free:1-888-669-2872Tel:+1-714-528-6777Fax:+1-714-528-6778MoxaChina(Shanghaioffice)Toll-free:800-820-5036Tel:+86-21-5258-9955Fax:+86-21-5258-5505MoxaEuropeTel:+49-89-3700399-0Fax:+49-89-3700399-99MoxaAsia-PacificTel:+886-2-8919-1230Fax:+886-2-8919-1231TableofContents1.
Introduction.
1-1Overview1-2SoftwareSpecifications1-2SoftwareComponents1-32.
SoftwareConfiguration2-1TheRead-onlyFileSystem.
2-2StartingfromaVGAConsole.
2-2ConnectingfromaTelnetConsole.
2-2ConnectingfromanSSHConsole.
2-3WindowsUsers2-3LinuxUsers2-4AdjustingtheSystemTime2-4SettingtheTimeManually2-4NTPClient2-5UpdatingtheTimeAutomatically.
2-5EnablingandDisablingDaemons2-6SettingtheRun-Level.
2-8Cron—DaemonforExecutingScheduledCommands.
2-9InsertingaUSBStorageDeviceintotheComputer2-10CheckingtheLinuxVersion2-11APT—InstallingandRemovingPackages2-113.
ManagingCommunications3-1DetectingNetworkInterfaces3-2ChangingtheNetworkSettings3-2Changingthe"interfaces"ConfigurationFile3-2StaticIPAddress3-3DynamicIPAddressusingDHCP3-3AdjustingIPAddresseswith"ifconfig"3-3Telnet/TFTPServer3-3EnablingtheTelnet/TFTPServer.
3-4DisablingtheTelnet/TFTPServer.
3-4DNSClient.
3-4etc/hostname3-4etc/resolv.
conf3-5etc/nsswitch.
conf3-5ApacheWebServer3-6DefaultHomepage.
3-6DisablingtheCGIFunction3-6SavingWebPagestoaUSBStorageDevice.
3-7IPTABLES3-8IPTABLESHierarchy.
3-9IPTABLESModules.
3-10ObserveandEraseChainRules3-10DefinePolicyforChainRules.
3-11AppendorDeleteRules.
3-11NAT(NetworkAddressTranslation)3-12NATExample3-12EnablingNATatBootup.
3-13PPP(PointtoPointProtocol)3-13ConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraSimpleDial-upConnection.
3-14ConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraHard-wiredLink.
3-15CheckingtheConnection.
3-15SettingupaMachineforIncomingPPPConnections3-16PPPoE.
3-17NFS(NetworkFileSystem)Client3-19SNMP(SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol)3-20OpenVPN3-20EthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksonDifferentSubnets.
3-21EthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksontheSameSubnet3-24RoutedIP3-254.
ProgrammingGuide4-1RTC(RealTimeClock)4-2UART4-2DigitalI/O4-2SpecialNote4-4Examples4-4WDT(WatchDogTimer)4-4Introduction4-4HowtheWDTWorks4-4TheuserAPI.
4-4SpecialNote4-5Examples4-55.
RAID0/1FunctionConfiguration.
5-1dm-raid5-2CreatingRAIDfromtheBIOS.
5-2MountingtheRAIDVolume.
5-5ReplacingaFailedDisk.
5-6SoftwareRAID—mdadm5-7CreatingSoftwareRAIDVolume5-7CheckingtheSoftwareRAIDStatus5-8ReplacingaFailedDisk.
5-96.
SystemRecovery.
6-1RecoveryEnvironment6-2RecoveryProcedure6-2SavingtheSystemtotheUSBDrive6-9A.
SoftwareComponentsA-111.
IntroductionThankyouforpurchasingtheMoxaV2616seriesofx86ready-to-runembeddedcomputers.
ThismanualintroducesthesoftwareconfigurationandmanagementoftheV2616-LX,whichrunstheLinuxoperatingsystem.
Forhardwareinstallation,connectorinterfaces,setup,andupgradingtheBIOS,pleaserefertothe"V2616HardwareUser'sManual.
"Linuxisanopen,scalableoperatingsystemthatallowsyoutobuildawiderangeofinnovative,smallfootprintdevices.
SoftwarewrittenfordesktopPCscanbeeasilyportedtotheLinux-basedembeddedcomputerwithaGNUcrosscompilerandaminimumofsourcecodemodifications.
AtypicalLinux-baseddeviceisdesignedforaspecificuse,andisoftennotconnectedtoothercomputers,oranumberofsuchdevicesconnecttoacentralized,front-endhost.
Examplesincludeenterprisetoolssuchasindustrialcontrollers,communicationshubs,point-of-saleterminals,anddisplaydevices,whichincludeHMIs,advertisementappliances,andinteractivepanels.
Thefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:OverviewSoftwareSpecificationsSoftwareComponentsV2616LinuxUser'sManualIntroduction1-2OverviewV2616embeddedcomputersarebasedontheIntelCore2DuoSP9300x86processorandfeaturetwoserialports,dual10/100or10/100/1000MbpsLANports,threeUSB2.
0hosts,andaCFsocket.
TheV2616seriesoffersbothVGAandDVI-Doutputs,makingitexceptionallywellsuitedforindustrialapplicationssuchasSCADAandfactoryautomation.
TheV2616's2serialportsmakeitidealforconnectingawiderangeofserialdevices,andthedual10/100/1000MbpsEthernetportsofferareliablesolutionfornetworkredundancy,whichtakentogetherpromisecontinuousdatacommunicationandmanagementoperations.
Foraddedconvenience,theV2616computershave6DIsand2DOsforconnectingdigitalinput/outputdevices.
Inaddition,theCFandUSBportsprovideV2616computerswithdatabufferingandstorageexpansion,whichprovidethenecessaryreliabilityforindustrialapplications.
Pre-installedwithLinux,theV2616seriesprovidesprogrammerswithafriendlyenvironmentfordevelopingsophisticated,bug-freeapplicationsoftwareatalowercost.
SoftwareSpecificationsTheLinuxoperatingsystempre-installedontheV2616embeddedcomputersistheDebianSqueeze6.
0distribution.
TheDebianprojectinvolvesaworldwidegroupofvolunteerswhoendeavortoproduceanoperatingsystemdistributioncomposedentirelyoffreesoftware.
TheDebianGNU/LinuxfollowsthestandardLinuxarchitecture,makingiteasytouseprogramsthatmeetthePOSIXstandard.
ProgramportingcanbedonewiththeGNUToolChainprovidedbyMoxa.
InadditiontoStandardPOSIXAPIs,devicedriversforMoxaUARTandotherspecialperipheralsarealsoincluded.
Anexamplesoftwarearchitectureisshownbelow:ATTENTIONRefertohttp://www.
debian.
org/andhttp://www.
gnu.
org/forinformationanddocumentationrelatedtoDebianGNU/Linuxandthefreesoftwareconcept.
ATTENTIONTheabovesoftwarearchitectureisonlyanexample.
DifferentmodelsordifferentbuildrevisionsoftheLinuxoperatingsystemmayincludecomponentsnotshownintheabovegraphic.
RS-232/422/485,Ethernet,CompactFlash,SATA,USBMemoryControl,Schedule,ProcessCF,TTY,USB,UART,RTC,VGATCP,IP,UDP,CMP,ARP,HTTP,SNMP,SMTPDaemon(Apache,Telnet,FTPD)ApplicationInterface(POSIX,Socket,SecureSocket)UserApplicationsFileSystemHardwareMicroKernelDeviceDriverProtocolStackAPIAPLinuxKernelV2616LinuxUser'sManualIntroduction1-3SoftwareComponentsTheV2616-LXarepre-installedwiththeDebianSqueeze6.
0Linuxdistribution.
Forthesoftwarecomponents,see"AppendixA.
"22.
SoftwareConfigurationInthischapter,weexplainhowtooperateaV2616-LXcomputerdirectlyfromyourdesktop.
TherearethreewaystoconnecttotheV2616-LXcomputer:throughaVGAmonitor,viaTelnetoverthenetwork,orwithanSSHconsolefromaWindowsorLinuxmachine.
ThischapterdescribesbasicLinuxoperatingsystemconfigurations.
Advancednetworkmanagementandconfigurationinstructionswillbedescribedinthenextchapter,"ManagingCommunications.
"Thefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:TheRead-onlyFileSystemStartingfromaVGAConsoleConnectingfromaTelnetConsoleConnectingfromanSSHConsoleWindowsUsersLinuxUsersAdjustingtheSystemTimeSettingtheTimeManuallyNTPClientUpdatingtheTimeAutomaticallyEnablingandDisablingDaemonsSettingtheRun-LevelCron—DaemonforExecutingScheduledCommandsInsertingaUSBStorageDeviceintotheComputerCheckingtheLinuxVersionAPT—InstallingandRemovingPackagesV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-2TheRead-onlyFileSystemTherootfilesystem(/)inMoxa'sembeddedsystemismountedasread-onlytopreventunexpectedcrashes.
Takethefollowingstepstomakeitwritabletemporarily:1.
Maketherootfilesystem(/)writable:Moxa:~#mount-oremount,rw/2.
Performyouroperations,suchasapt-getordisk-access.
3.
Umounttherootfilesystemasread-only:Moxa:~#umount/StartingfromaVGAConsoleConnectthedisplaymonitortotheV2616-LXVGAconnector,andthenpoweritupbyconnectingittothepoweradaptor.
Ittakesapproximately30to60secondsforthesystemtobootup.
Oncethesystemisready,aloginscreenwillappearonyourmonitor.
Tologin,typetheloginnameandpasswordasrequested.
Thedefaultvaluesarebothroot.
Login:rootPassword:rootMoxalogin:rootPassword:Lastlogin:ThuSep1522:46:00CST2011ontty1LinuxMoxa2.
6.
32-5-amd64#1SMPTueJun1409:42:28UTC2011x86_64TheprogramsincludedwiththeDebianGNU/Liuxsystemarefreesoftware;TheexactdistributiontermsforeachprogramaredescribedintheIndividualfilesin/usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
DebianGNU/LinuxcomeswithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY,totheextentPermittedbyapplicablelaw.
root@Moxa:~#ConnectingfromaTelnetConsoleTheV2616-LXcomputerscomewithtwoGigabitportsnamedLAN1andLAN2.
ThedefaultIPaddressesandnetmasksofthenetworkinterfacesareasfollows:DefaultIPAddressNetmaskLAN1192.
168.
3.
127255.
255.
255.
0LAN2192.
168.
4.
127255.
255.
255.
0BeforeusingtheTelnetclient,youshouldchangetheIPaddressofyourdevelopmentworkstationsothatthenetworkportsareonthesamesubnetastheIPaddressfortheLANportthatyouwillconnectto.
Forexample,ifyouwillconnecttoLAN1,youcouldsetyourPC'sIPaddressto192.
168.
3.
126,andthenetmaskto255.
255.
255.
0.
IfyouwillconnecttoLAN2,youcouldsetyourPC'sIPaddressto192.
168.
4.
126,andthenetmaskto255.
255.
255.
0.
Useacross-overEthernetcabletoconnectyourdevelopmentworkstationdirectlytothetargetcomputer,oruseastraight-throughEthernetcabletoconnectthecomputertoaLANhuborswitch.
Next,useaTelnetclientonyourdevelopmentworkstationtoconnecttothetargetcomputer.
Afteraconnectionhasbeenestablished,typetheloginnameandpasswordasrequestedtologontothecomputer.
Thedefaultvaluesarebothroot.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-3Login:rootPassword:rootConnectingfromanSSHConsoleTheV2616-LXcomputerssupportanSSHconsoletoofferusersbetternetworksecuritycomparedtoTelnet.
WindowsUsersClickonthelinkhttp://www.
chiark.
greenend.
org.
uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.
htmltodownloadPuTTY(freesoftware)tosetupanSSHconsolefortheV2616-LXinaWindowsenvironment.
Thefollowingscreenshowsanexampleoftheconfigurationthatisrequired.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-4LinuxUsersFromaLinuxmachine,usethesshcommandtoaccesstheV2616-LX'sconsoleutilityviaSSH.
#ssh192.
168.
3.
127Selectyestoopentheconnection.
[root@bee_notebookroot]#ssh192.
168.
3.
127Theauthenticityofhost'192.
168.
3.
127(192.
168.
3.
127)'can'tbeestablished.
RSAkeyfingerprintis8b:ee:ff:84:41:25:fc:cd:2a:f2:92:8f:cb:1f:6b:2f.
Areyousureyouwanttocontinueconnection(yes/no)yes_AdjustingtheSystemTimeTheV2616-LXhastwotimesettings.
Oneisthesystemtime,andtheotherisprovidedbyanRTC(RealTimeClock)builtintotheV2616-LX'shardware.
SettingtheTimeManuallyUsethedatecommandtoquerythecurrentsystemtimeortosetanewsystemtime.
UsehwclocktoquerythecurrentRTCtimeortosetanewRTCtime.
Usethefollowingcommandtosetthesystemtime.
#dateMMDDhhmmYYYYMM:MonthDD:Datehhmm:HourandMinuteYYYY:YearV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-5UsethefollowingcommandtowritethecurrentsystemtimetotheRTC.
#hwclock–wMOXA:~#dateWedDec1603:34:46CST2009MOXA:~#hwclockWed16Dec200903:35:16AMCST-0.
017600secondsMOXA:~#date121616352009WedDec1616:35:00CST2009MOXA:~#hwclock–wMOXA:~#date;hwclockWedDec1616:36:12CST2009Wed16Dec200903:38:13AMCST-0.
016751secondsMOXA:~#NTPClientTheV2616-LXhasabuilt-inNTP(NetworkTimeProtocol)clientthatisusedtoinitializeatimerequesttoaremoteNTPserver.
Usentpdatetoupdatethesystemtime.
#ntpdatetime.
stdtime.
gov.
tw#hwclock–wVisithttp://www.
ntp.
orgformoreinformationaboutNTPandNTPserveraddresses.
MOXA:~#date;hwclockWedDec1616:36:12CST2009Wed16Dec200903:38:13AMCST-0.
016751secondsMOXA:~#MOXA:~#ntpdatetime.
stdtime.
gov.
tw16Dec03:49:48ntpdate[2510]:steptimeserver220.
130.
158.
52offset155905087.
984256secMOXA:~#MOXA:~#hwclock-wMOXA:~#date;hwclockWedDec1603:51:07CST2009Wed16Dec200903:51:07AMCST-0.
016771secondsMOXA:~#ATTENTIONBeforeusingtheNTPclientutility,checkyourIPaddressandnetworksettings(gatewayandDNS)tomakesureanInternetconnectionisavailable.
UpdatingtheTimeAutomaticallyThissectiondescribeshowtouseashellscripttoupdatethetimeautomatically.
Exampleshellscriptforupdatingthesystemtimeperiodically#!
/bin/shntpdatetime.
stdtime.
gov.
tw#Youcanusethetimeserver'sipaddressordomain#namedirectly.
Ifyouusedomainname,youmustV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-6#enablethedomainclientonthesystembyupdating#/etc/resolv.
conffile.
hwclock–wsleep100#Updatesevery100seconds.
Themin.
timeis100seconds.
#Change100toalargernumbertoupdateRTClessoften.
Savetheshellscriptusinganyfilename.
Forexample,fixtime.
HowtoruntheshellscriptautomaticallywhenthekernelbootsupBecausetherootfilesystemismountedinRead-onlymode,weneedtore-mountitusingwritablepermission.
#mount-oremount,rw/Copytheexampleshellscriptfixtimetothedirectory/etc/init.
d,andthenusechmod755fixtimetochangetheshellscriptmode.
#chmod755fixtimeNext,usevieditortoeditthefile/etc/inittab.
#vi/etc/inittabAddthefollowinglinetothebottomofthefile:ntp:2345:respawn:/etc/init.
d/fixtimeAfteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecuteumount/tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
#umount/Usethecommand#initqtore-initializethekernel.
#initqEnablingandDisablingDaemonsThefollowingdaemonsareenabledwhentheV2616-LXbootsupforthefirsttime.
Snmpd:SNMPAgentDaemonTelnetd:TelnetServer/ClientDaemonInetd:InternetDaemonsFtpd:FTPServer/ClientDaemonSshd:SecureShellServerDaemonHttpd:ApacheWWWServerDaemonTypethecommandps–eftolistallprocessescurrentlyrunning.
Moxa:~#ps-efUIDPIDPPIDCSTIMETTYTIMECMDroot10000:0200:00:00init[2]root20000:0200:00:00[kthreadd]root32000:0200:00:00[migration/0]root42000:0200:00:00[ksoftirqd/0]root52000:0200:00:00[watchdog/0]root62000:0200:00:00[migration/1]root72000:0200:00:00[ksoftirqd/1]root82000:0200:00:00[watchdog/1]root92000:0200:00:00[events/0]root102000:0200:00:00[events/1]root112000:0200:00:00[cpuset]V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-7root122000:0200:00:00[khelper]root132000:0200:00:00[netns]root142000:0200:00:00[async/mgr]root152000:0200:00:00[pm]root172000:0200:00:00[sync_supers]root182000:0200:00:00[bdi-default]root192000:0200:00:00[kintegrityd/0]root202000:0200:00:00[kintegrityd/1]root212000:0200:00:00[kblockd/0]root222000:0200:00:00[kblockd/1]root232000:0200:00:00[kacpid]root242000:0200:00:00[kacpi_notify]root252000:0200:00:00[kacpi_hotplug]root262000:0200:00:00[ata/0]root272000:0200:00:00[ata/1]www-data27072664000:0300:00:00/usr/sbin/apache2-kstartwww-data27082664000:0300:00:00/usr/sbin/apache2-kstartwww-data27092664000:0300:00:00/usr/sbin/apache2-kstartwww-data27102664000:0300:00:00/usr/sbin/apache2-kstartroot27202700000:15tty100:00:00-bashroot27242000:1500:00:00[flush-8:0]root27452536100:2100:00:00sshd:root@pts/0root27472745000:21pts/000:00:00-bashroot27512747000:21pts/000:00:00ps-efMoxa:~#Torunaprivatedaemon,youcaneditthefilerc.
local,asshownbelow:1.
BecausetherootfilesystemismountedinRead-onlymode,youneedtore-mountitwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw/2.
Typecd/etc/tochangedirectories.
MOXA:~#cd/etc/3.
Typevirc.
localtoedittheconfigurationfilewithvieditor.
MOXA:/etc/#virc.
local4.
Next,addtheapplicationdaemonthatyouwanttorun.
Weusetheexampleprogramtcps2-release,whichyoucanfindontheCD,toillustrate,andconfigureittoruninthebackground.
#!
/bin/sh#Addyouwanttorundaemon/home/yourprogram&5.
Afteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecuteumount/tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/6.
Youshouldbeabletofindtheenableddaemonafteryourebootthesystem.
MOXA:~#ps-efPIDUidVmSizeStatCommand1root1296SinitV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-82rootS[keventd]3rootS[ksoftirqd_CPU0]4rootS[kswapd]5rootS[bdflush]6rootS[kupdated]7rootS[mtdblockd]8rootS[khubd]10rootS[jffs2_gcd_mtd3]32rootD[ixp425_csr]38root1256Sstdef47root1368S/usr/sbin/inetd53root4464S/usr/sbin/httpd63nobody4480S/usr/sbin/httpd64nobody4480S/usr/sbin/httpd65nobody4480S/usr/sbin/httpd66nobody4480S/usr/sbin/httpd67nobody4480S/usr/sbin/httpd92bin1460S/sbin/portmap97root1264S/root/tcps2-release105root1556S/usr/sbin/rpc.
statd109root4044S/usr/sbin/snmpd–s–l/dev/null111root2832S/usr/sbin/snmptrapd-s140root1364S/sbin/cardmgr144root1756S/usr/sbin/rpc.
nfsd146root1780S/usr/sbin/rpc.
mountd153root2960S/usr/sbin/sshd161root1272S/bin/reportip162root3464S/bin/massupfirm163root1532S/sbin/getty115200ttyM0164root1532S/sbin/getty115200ttyM1166root3464S/bin/massupfirm168root3464S/bin/massupfirm171root3652S/usr/sbin/sshd172root2200S-bash174root1592Sps-efMOXA:~#SettingtheRun-LevelTosettheLinuxrun-levelandexecutionpriorityofaprogram,usethefollowingcommand(becausetherootfilesystemismountedinRead-onlymode,weneedtore-mountitwithwritepermission).
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw/Editashellscripttoexecute/root/tcps2-releaseandsaveittotcps2asanexample.
#cd/etc/rc2.
d#ln–s/etc/root/tcps2S60tcps2or#ln–s/etc/root/tcps2k30tcps2MOXA:~#cd/etc/rc2.
dMOXA:/etc/rc2.
d#V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-9MOXA:/etc/rc2.
d#lsS19nfs-commonS25nfs-user-serverS99showreadyledS20snmpdS55sshS24pcmciaS99rmnologinMOXA:/etc/rc2.
d#MOXA:/etc/rc2.
d#ln–s/root/tcps2-releaseS60tcps2MOXA:/etc/rc2.
d#lsS19nfs-commonS25nfs-user-serverS99rmnologinS20snmpdS55sshS99showreadyledS24pcmciaS60tcps2ThecommandSxxRUNFILEhasthefollowingmeaning:S:StarttherunfilewhileLinuxbootsup.
xx:Anumberbetween00and99.
Thesmallernumberhasahigherpriority.
RUNFILE:ThescriptfilenameThecommandKxxRUNFILEhasthefollowingmeaning:K:StarttherunfilewhileLinuxshutsdownorhalts.
xx:Anumberbetween00and99.
Thesmallernumberhasahigherpriority.
RUNFILE:ThescriptfilenameToremovethedaemon,usethefollowingcommandtoremovetherunfilefrom/etc/rc2.
dby:MOXA:~#rm–f/etc/rc2.
d/S60tcps2Afteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecuteumount/tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/Cron—DaemonforExecutingScheduledCommandsTheCrondaemonwillsearch/etc/crontabforcrontabfiles.
Cronwakesupeveryminuteandcheckseachcommandtoseeifitshouldberunatthattime.
Whenexecutingcommands,outputismailedtotheownerofthecrontab(ortotheusernamedintheMAILTOenvironmentvariableinthecrontab,ifsuchauserexists).
Modifythefile/etc/crontabtosetupyourscheduledapplications.
Crontabfileshavethefollowingformat:mmhdommondowusercommandminutehourdatemonthweekusercommand0-590-231-311-120-6(0isSunday)Forexample,issuethefollowingcommandifyouwanttolaunchaprogramat8:00everyday:#minutehourdatemonthdowusercommand*8***root/path/to/your/programThefollowingexampledemonstrateshowtouseCrontoupdatethesystemtimeandRTCtimeeverydayat8:00.
1.
Writeashellscriptnamedfixtime.
shandsaveitto/home/.
#!
/bin/shntpdatetime.
stdtime.
gov.
twV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-10hwclock–wexit02.
Changethemodeoffixtime.
sh#chmod755fixtime.
sh3.
Modifythe/etc/crontabfiletorunfixtime.
shat8:00everyday.
Addthefollowinglinetotheendofcrontab:*8***root/home/fixtime.
shInsertingaUSBStorageDeviceintotheComputerSincemountingUSBstoragedevicesmanuallycanbedifficult,aDebianpackagenamedusbmountisusedtomounttheUSBdriversautomatically.
usbmountreliesonudevtomountUSBstoragedevicesautomaticallyatcertainmountpoints.
TheUSBstoragedeviceswillbemountedon/media/usb0,/media/usb1,etc.
MOXA:~#mount/dev/hda1on/typeext2(rw,errors=remount-ro)tmpfson/lib/init/rwtypetmpfs(rw,nosuid,mode=0755)procon/proctypeproc(rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)sysfson/systypesysfs(rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)procbususbon/proc/bus/usbtypeusbfs(rw)udevon/devtypetmpfs(rw,mode=0755)tmpfson/dev/shmtypetmpfs(rw,nosuid,nodev)devptson/dev/ptstypedevpts(rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620)/dev/hdb2on/hometypeext2(rw)nfsdon/proc/fs/nfsdtypenfsd(rw)rpc_pipefson/var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefstyperpc_pipefs(rw)/dev/sda1on/media/usb0typevfat(rw,noexec,nodev,sync,noatime,gid=25,dmask=0007,fmask=0117)/dev/sdb1on/media/usb1typevfat(rw,noexec,nodev,sync,noatime,gid=25,dmask=0007,fmask=0117)MOXA:~#Notethatusbmountisalight-weightsolutionfortextmode,anddoesnotfullysupportthegnomedesktopenvironment.
Forbettersupportability,installgnome-volume-managerinsteadofusbmount:MOXA:~#mount-o,remountrw/MOXA:~#apt-getremoveusbmountMOXA:~#apt-getinstallgnome-volume-managerMOXA:~#umount/ATTENTIONRemembertotypethecommand#syncbeforeyoudisconnecttheUSBstoragedevice.
Ifyoudonotissuethecommand,youmaylosedata.
ATTENTIONRemembertoexitthe/media/usb0or/media/usb1directorywhenyoudisconnecttheUSBstoragedevice.
Ifyoustayin/media/usb0or/media/usb1,theautomaticun-mountprocesswillfail.
Ifthathappens,type#umount/media/usb0toun-mounttheUSBdevicemanually.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-11CheckingtheLinuxVersionTheprogramuname,whichstandsfor"UnixName"andispartoftheUnixoperatingsystem,printsthename,version,andotherdetailsabouttheoperatingsystemrunningonthecomputer.
Usethe-aoptiontogeneratearesponsesimilartotheoneshownbelow:MOXA:~#uname-aLinuxMoxa2.
6.
32-5-amd64#1SMPTueJun1409:42:28UTC2011x86_64GNU/LinuxMOXA:~#APT—InstallingandRemovingPackagesAPTistheDebiantoolusedtoinstallandremovepackages.
Beforeinstallingapackage,youneedtoconfiguretheaptsourcefile,/etc/apt/sources.
list,whichislocatedintheread-onlypartition.
1.
Mounttherootfilesystemwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw2.
Next,usevieditortoconfigure/etc/apt/sources.
list.
MOXA:~#vi/etc/apt/sources.
list##debcdrom:[DebianGNU/Linux6.
0.
2.
1_Squeeze_-Officialamd64NETINSTBinary-120110628-12:58]/Squeezemain#debcdrom:[DebianGNU/Linux6.
0.
2.
1_Squeeze_-Officialamd64NETINSTBinary-120110628-12:58]/Squeezemaindebhttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debian/squeezemaindeb-srchttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debian/squeezemaindebhttp://security.
debian.
org/squeeze/updatesmaindeb-srchttp://security.
debian.
org/squeeze/updatesmain#squeeze-updates,previouslyknownas'volatile'debhttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debiansqueeze-updatesmaindeb-srchttp://ftp.
us.
debian.
org/debiansqueeze-updatesmain3.
Updatethesourcelistafteryouconfigureit.
MOXA:~#apt-getupdateMOXA:~#4.
Onceyouindicatewhichpackageyouwanttoinstall(openswan,forexample),type:MOXA:~#apt-getinstallopenswanMOXA:~#5.
Useoneofthefollowingcommandstoremoveapackage:a.
Forasimplepackageremoval:MOXA:~#apt-getremoveopenswanMOXA:~#b.
Foracompletepackageremoval:MOXA:~#apt-getremoveopenswan--purgeMOXA:~#V2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareConfiguration2-126.
Iftheinstallationiscomplete,remembertoumounttherootdirectorybacktoread-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/MOXA:~#ATTENTIONTheAPTcachespace/var/cache/aptislocatedintmpfs.
Ifyouneedtoinstallahugepackage,link/var/cache/apttoUSBmassstorageormountittoanNFSspacetogeneratemorefreespace.
Usedf–htocheckhowmuchfreespaceisavailableontmpfs.
Moxa:~#df-hFilesystemSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedonrootfs1.
5G1001M440M70%/udev10M748K9.
3M8%/dev/dev/sda11.
5G1001M440M70%/tmpfs501M0501M0%/lib/init/rwtmpfs501M0501M0%/dev/shmnone501M19M482M4%/tmp/dev/sda2270M130M126M51%/homeMoxa:~#ATTENTIONYoucanfreeupthecachespacewiththecommand#apt-getclean.
MOXA:~#apt-getcleanMOXA:~#33.
ManagingCommunicationsTheV2616-LXready-to-runembeddedcomputerisanetwork-centricplatformdesignedtoserveasafront-endfordataacquisitionandindustrialcontrolapplications.
ThischapterdescribeshowtoconfigurethevariouscommunicationfunctionssupportedbytheLinuxoperatingsystem.
Thefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:DetectingNetworkInterfacesChangingtheNetworkSettingsChangingthe"interfaces"ConfigurationFileAdjustingIPAddresseswith"ifconfig"Telnet/TFTPServerEnablingtheTelnet/TFTPServerDisablingtheTelnet/TFTPServerDNSClient/etc/hostname/etc/resolv.
conf/etc/nsswitch.
confApacheWebServerDefaultHomepageDisablingtheCGIFunctionSavingWebPagestoaUSBStorageDeviceIPTABLESIPTABLESHierarchyIPTABLESModulesObserveandEraseChainRulesDefinePolicyforChainRulesAppendorDeleteRulesNAT(NetworkAddressTranslation)NATExampleEnablingNATatBootupPPP(PointtoPointProtocol)ConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraSimpleDial-upConnectionConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraHard-wiredLinkCheckingtheConnectionSettingupaMachineforIncomingPPPConnectionsPPPoENFS(NetworkFileSystem)ClientSNMP(SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol)OpenVPNEthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksonDifferentSubnetsEthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksontheSameSubnetRoutedIPV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-2DetectingNetworkInterfacesLinuxsystemsuseudevdtodetectnewnetworkinterfaces,includingEthernetinterfacesandwirelessinterfaces.
Theresultissavedin/etc/udev/rules.
d/70-persistent-net.
rules.
Thecontentissimilartothefollowing:#PCIdevice0x10ec:0x8168(r8168)SUBSYSTEM=="net",ACTION=="add",DRIVERS=="*",ATTR{address}=="00:90:e8:00:00:20",ATTR{dev_id}=="0x0",ATTR{type}=="1",KERNEL=="eth*",NAME="eth0"#PCIdevice0x10ec:0x8168(r8168)SUBSYSTEM=="net",ACTION=="add",DRIVERS=="*",ATTR{address}=="00:90:e8:00:00:21",ATTR{dev_id}=="0x0",ATTR{type}=="1",KERNEL=="eth*",NAME="eth1"TheaboveexampleindicatesthatthesystemhasdetectedtwoEthernetinterfaces.
ATTENTIONWhenreplacingorconnectinganetworkinterface,thesystemmaykeeptheoldrecordin/etc/udev/rules.
d/70-persistent-net.
rules,whichcouldcausenetworkinterfacestobedetectedabnormally.
Toavoidthisproblem,deletethecontentofthefile/etc/udev/rules.
d/70-persistent-net.
rulesandrebootthesystem.
ChangingtheNetworkSettingsTheV2616-LXcomputerhastwo10/100/1000EthernetportsnamedLAN1andLAN2.
ThedefaultIPaddressesandnetmasksofthesenetworkinterfacesare:DefaultIPAddressNetmaskLAN1192.
168.
3.
127255.
255.
255.
0LAN2192.
168.
4.
127255.
255.
255.
0Thesenetworksettingscanbemodifiedbychangingtheinterfacesconfigurationfile,ortheycanbeadjustedtemporarilywiththeifconfigcommand.
Changingthe"interfaces"ConfigurationFile1.
Typecd/etc/networktochangedirectories.
MOXA:~#cd/etc/network2.
Typeviinterfacestoeditthenetworkconfigurationfilewithvieditor.
YoucanconfiguretheV2616-LX'sEthernetportsforstaticordynamic(DHCP)IPaddresses.
MOXA:/etc/network#viinterfacesV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-3StaticIPAddressAsshowninthefollowingexample,thedefaultstaticIPaddressescanbemodified.
#Theloopbacknetworkinterfaceautoloifaceloinetloopback#Theprimarynetworkinterfaceautoeth0ifaceeth0inetstaticaddress192.
168.
3.
127netmask255.
255.
255.
0broadcast192.
168.
3.
255autoeth1ifaceeth1inetstaticaddress192.
168.
4.
127netmask255.
255.
255.
0broadcast192.
168.
4.
255DynamicIPAddressusingDHCPToconfigureoneorbothLANportstorequestanIPaddressdynamically,replacestaticwithdhcpandthendeletetherestofthelines.
#Theprimarynetworkinterfaceautoeth0ifaceeth0inetdhcpAftermodifyingthebootsettingsoftheLANinterface,issuethefollowingcommandtoactivatetheLANsettingsimmediately.
#/etc/init.
d/networkingrestartMOXA:~#/etc/init.
d/networkingrestartAdjustingIPAddresseswith"ifconfig"IPsettingscanbeadjustedduringrun-time,butthenewsettingswillnotbesavedtotheflashROMwithoutmodifyingthefile/etc/network/interfaces.
Forexample,typethecommand#ifconfigeth0192.
168.
1.
1tochangetheIPaddressofLAN1to192.
168.
1.
1.
MOXA:~#ifconfigeth0192.
168.
1.
1MOXA:~#Telnet/TFTPServerInadditiontosupportingTelnetclient/serverandFTPclient/server,theV2616-LXalsosupportsSSHandsftpclient/server.
ToenableordisabletheTelnet/ftpserver,youneedtoeditthefile/etc/inetd.
conf.
1.
Mounttherootfilesystemwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw/V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-42.
Type#cd/etctochangethedirectory.
MOXA:~#cd/etc3.
Type#viinetd.
conftoedittheconfigurationfile.
MOXA:/etc#viinetd.
confEnablingtheTelnet/TFTPServerThefollowingexampleshowsthedefaultcontentofthefile/etc/inetd.
conf.
Thedefaultisto"enabletheTelnet/ftpserver:"telnetstreamtcpnowaittelnetd/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/sbin/in.
telnetdtftpdgramudpwaitnobody/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/sbin/in.
tftpd/srv/tftpDisablingtheTelnet/TFTPServerDisablethedaemonbytyping"#"infrontofthefirstcharacteroftherowtocommentouttheline.
Forexample,todisabletheTFTPserver,usethefollowingcommands:telnetstreamtcpnowaittelnetd/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/sbin/in.
telnetd#tftpdgramudpwaitnobody/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/sbin/in.
tftpd/srv/tftpAfteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecute"umount/"tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/DNSClientTheV2616-LXsupportsDNSclient(butnotDNSserver).
TosetupDNSclient,youneedtoeditthreeconfigurationfiles:/etc/hostname,/etc/resolv.
conf,and/etc/nsswitch.
conf.
/etc/hostname1.
Mounttherootfilesystemwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw/2.
Edit/etc/hostname:MOXA:~#vi/etc/hostnameMOXA3.
Afteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecute"umount/"tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-54.
Re-configurethehostname.
MOXA:~#/etc/init.
d/hostname.
shstart5.
Checkthenewhostname.
MOXA:~#hostname/etc/resolv.
confThisisthemostimportantfilethatyouneedtoeditwhenusingDNS.
Forexample,beforeusing#ntpdatetime.
stdtime.
gov.
twtoupdatethesystemtime,youwillneedtoaddtheDNSserveraddresstothefile.
AskyournetworkadministratorwhichDNSserveraddressyoushoulduse.
TheDNSserver'sIPaddressisspecifiedwiththenameservercommand.
Forexample,addthefollowinglineto/etc/resolv.
conf(assumingtheDNSserver'sIPaddressis168.
95.
1.
1):nameserver168.
95.
1.
1MOXA:/etc#catresolv.
conf##resolv.
confThisfileistheresolverconfigurationfile#Seeresolver(5).
##nameserver192.
168.
1.
16nameserver168.
95.
1.
1nameserver140.
115.
1.
31nameserver140.
115.
236.
10MOXA:/etc#/etc/nsswitch.
confThisfiledefinesthesequenceoffiles,/etc/hostsor/etc/resolv.
conf,tobereadtoresolvetheIPaddress.
Thehostslinein/etc/nsswitch.
confmeansuse/etc/hostfirstandDNSservicetoresolvetheaddress.
#/etc/nsswitch.
conf##ExampleconfigurationofGNUNameServiceSwitchfunctionality.
#Ifyouhavethe`glibc-doc-reference'and`info'packagesinstalled,try:#`infolibc"NameServiceSwitch"'forinformationaboutthisfile.
passwd:compatgroup:compatshadow:compathosts:filesdnsnetworks:filesprotocols:dbfilesservices:dbfilesethers:dbfilesrpc:dbfilesnetgroup:nisV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-6ApacheWebServerDefaultHomepageTheApachewebserver'smainconfigurationfileis/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default,withthedefaulthomepagelocatedat/var/www/apache2-default/index.
html.
Saveyourownhomepagetothefollowingdirectory:/var/wwwSaveyourCGIpagetothefollowingdirectory:/var/wwwBeforeyoumodifythehomepage,useabrowser(suchasMicrosoftInternetExploreorMozillaFirefox)fromyourPCtotestiftheApachewebserverisworking.
TypetheLAN1IPaddressinthebrowser'saddressboxtoopenthehomepage.
Forexample,ifthedefaultIPaddress192.
168.
3.
127isstillactive,type:http://192.
168.
3.
127/TotestthedefaultCGIpage,type:http://192.
168.
3.
127/cgi-bin/w3mmail.
cgiDisablingtheCGIFunctionTheCGIfunctionisenabledbydefault.
Ifyouwanttodisablethefunction,modifythefile/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.
1.
Mounttherootfilesystemwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw2.
Type#vi/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-defaulttoedittheconfigurationfile.
Commentoutthefollowinglines:#ScriptAlias/cgi-bin//var/www/cgi-bin/##AllowOverrideNone#OptionsExecCGI-MultiViews+SymLinksIfOwnerMatch##Orderallow,deny#Orderdeny,allow#Allowfromall#MOXA:/etc#vi/etc/apache2/sites-available/default#ScriptAlias/cgi-bin//var/www/cgi-bin/##AllowOverrideNone#OptionsExecCGI-MultiViews+SymLinksIFOwnerMatch##Orderallow,deny#Orderdeny,allow#Allowfromall#3.
Afteryoufinishwritingormodifyingthecode,remembertoexecute"umount/"tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-74.
Re-starttheapacheserver.
MOXA:~#/etc/init.
d/apache2restartATTENTIONWhenyoudevelopyourownCGIapplication,makesureyourCGIfileisexecutable.
SavingWebPagestoaUSBStorageDeviceSomeapplicationsmayhavewebpagesthattakeupalotofstoragespace.
ThissectiondescribeshowtosavewebpagestotheUSBmassstoragedevice,andthenconfiguretheApachewebserver'sDocumentRoottoopenthesepages.
ThefilesusedinthisexamplecanbedownloadedfromMoxa'swebsite.
1.
PreparethewebpagesandthensavethepagestotheUSBstoragedevice.
Clickonthefollowinglinktodownloadthewebpagetestsuite:http://www.
w3.
org/MarkUp/Test/HTML401.
zip.
2.
UncompressthezipfiletoyourdesktopPC,andthenuseFTPtotransferittotheV2616-LX's/media/usb0directory.
3.
Mounttherootfilesystemwithwritepermission.
MOXA:~#mount-oremount,rw/4.
Type#vi/etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/defaultand#vi/etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/default-ssltoedittheconfigurationfile.
MOXA:/etc#MOXA:/etc#vi/etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/defaultMOXA:/etc#vi/etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/default-s5.
ChangetheDocumentRootdirectorytotheUSBstoragedirectory/media/usb0/www.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
DocumentRoot/media/usb0/wwwOptionsFollowSymLinksAllowOverrideNone.
.
.
.
.
.
ScriptAlias/cgi-bin//media/usb0/www/cgi-bin/AllowOverrideNoneOptionsExecCGI-MultiViews+SymLinksIfOwnerMatchOrderallow,denyAllowfromall.
.
.
"etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/default".
.
.
.
.
.
DocumentRoot/media/usb0/wwwV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-8OptionsFollowSymLinksAllowOverrideNone.
.
.
.
.
.
ScriptAlias/cgi-bin//media/usb0/www/cgi-bin/AllowOverrideNoneOptionsExecCGI-MultiViews+SymLinksIfOwnerMatchOrderallow,denyAllowfromall.
.
.
/etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/default-ssl"6.
UsethefollowingcommandstorestarttheApachewebserver:#cd/etc/init.
d#.
/apache2restart7.
StartyourbrowserandconnecttotheV2616-LXbytypingthecurrentLAN1IPaddressinthebrowser'saddressbox.
8.
Remembertoexecute"umount/"tochangetherootdirectorybacktoRead-onlymode.
MOXA:~#umount/9.
Re-starttheapacheserver.
MOXA:~#/etc/init.
d/apache2restartATTENTIONVisittheApachewebsiteathttp://httpd.
apache.
org/docs/formoreinformationaboutsettingupApacheservers.
IPTABLESIPTABLESisanadministrativetoolforsettingup,maintaining,andinspectingtheLinuxkernel'sIPpacketfilterruletables.
Severaldifferenttablesaredefined,witheachtablecontainingbuilt-inchainsanduser-definedchains.
Eachchainisalistofrulesthatapplytoacertaintypeofpacket.
Eachrulespecifieswhattodowithamatchingpacket.
Arule(suchasajumptoauser-definedchaininthesametable)iscalledatarget.
TheV2616-LXsupportsthreetypesofIPTABLES:Filtertables,NATtables,andMangletables.
FilterTable—includesthreechains:INPUTchainOUTPUTchainFORWARDchainNATTable—includesthreechains:PREROUTINGchain—transfersthedestinationIPaddress(DNAT).
POSTROUTINGchain—worksaftertheroutingprocessandbeforetheEthernetdeviceprocesstotransferthesourceIPaddress(SNAT).
V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-9OUTPUTchain—produceslocalpackets.
Sub-tablesSourceNAT(SNAT)—changesthefirstsourceIPaddressofthepacket.
DestinationNAT(DNAT)—changesthefirstdestinationIPaddressofthepacket.
MASQUERADE—aspecialformforSNAT.
IfonehostcanconnecttotheInternet,thentheothercomputersthatconnecttothishostcanconnecttotheInternetwhenthecomputerdoesnothaveanactualIPaddress.
REDIRECT—aspecialformofDNATthatre-sendspacketstoalocalhostindependentofthedestinationIPaddress.
MangleTable—includestwochainsPREROUTINGchain—pre-processespacketsbeforetheroutingprocess.
OUTPUTchain—processespacketsaftertheroutingprocess.
Mangletablescanhaveoneofthreeextensions—TTL,MARK,TOS.
IPTABLESHierarchyThefollowingfigureshowstheIPTABLEShierarchy.
IncomingPacketsMangleTablePREROUTINGChainNATTablePREROUTINGChainNATTablePOSTROUTINGChainOutgoingPacketsOtherHostPacketsMangleTableFORWARDChainFilterTableFORWARDChainMangleTablePOSTROUTINGChainLocalHostPacketsMangleTableINPUTChainFilterTableINPUTChainLocalProcessMangleTableOUTPUTChainNATTableOUTPUTChainFilterTableOUTPUTChainV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-10IPTABLESModulesTheV2616-LXsupportsthefollowingsub-modules.
Besuretousethemodulethatmatchesyourapplication.
arptable_filter.
koarp_tables.
koarpt_mangle.
koip_conntrack_amanda.
koip_conntrack_ftp.
koip_conntrack_h323.
koip_conntrack_irc.
koip_conntrack.
koip_conntrack_netbios_ns.
koip_conntrack_netlink.
koip_conntrack_pptp.
koip_conntrack_proto_sctp.
koip_conntrack_sip.
koip_conntrack_tftp.
koip_nat_amanda.
koip_nat_ftp.
koip_nat_h323.
koip_nat_irc.
koip_nat.
koip_nat_pptp.
koip_nat_sip.
koip_nat_snmp_basic.
koip_nat_tftp.
koip_queue.
koiptable_filter.
koiptable_mangle.
koiptable_nat.
koiptable_raw.
koip_tables.
koipt_addrtype.
koipt_ah.
koipt_CLUSTERIP.
koipt_dscp.
koipt_DSCP.
koipt_ecn.
koipt_ECN.
koipt_hashlimit.
koipt_iprange.
koipt_LOG.
koipt_MASQUERADE.
koipt_NETMAP.
koipt_owner.
koipt_recent.
koipt_REDIRECT.
koipt_REJECT.
koipt_SAME.
koipt_TCPMSS.
koipt_tos.
koipt_TOS.
koipt_ttl.
koipt_TTL.
koipt_ULOG.
koThebasicsyntaxtoenableandloadanIPTABLESmoduleisasfollows:#lsmod#modprobeip_tables#modprobeiptable_filter#modprobeiptable_mangle#modprobeiptable_natUselsmodtocheckiftheip_tablesmodulehasalreadybeenloadedintheV2616-LX.
Usemodprobetoinsertandenablethemodule.
Useiptables,iptables-restore,andiptables-savetomaintainthedatabase.
ATTENTIONIPTABLESplaystheroleofpacketfilteringorNAT.
BecarefulwhensettinguptheIPTABLESrules.
Iftherulesarenotcorrect,remotehoststhatconnectviaaLANorPPPmaybedenied.
WerecommendusingtheVGAconsoletosetuptheIPTABLES.
ClickonthefollowinglinksformoreinformationaboutIPTABLES.
http://www.
linuxguruz.
com/iptables/http://www.
netfilter.
org/documentation/HOWTO//packet-filtering-HOWTO.
htmlSincetheIPTABLEScommandisverycomplex,toillustratetheIPTABLESsyntaxwehavedividedourdiscussionofthevariousrulesintothreecategories:Observeanderasechainrules,Definepolicyrules,andAppendordeleterules.
ObserveandEraseChainRulesUsage:#iptables[-ttables][-L][-n]-ttables:Tabletomanipulate(default:'filter');example:natorfilter.
-L[chain]:ListListallrulesinselectedchains.
Ifnochainisselected,allchainsarelisted.
-n:Numericoutputofaddressesandports.
#iptables[-ttables][-FXZ]-F:Flushtheselectedchain(allthechainsinthetableifnoneislisted).
-X:Deletethespecifieduser-definedchain.
-Z:Setthepacketandbytecountersinallchainstozero.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-11Example:#iptables-L-nInthisexample,sincewedonotusethe-tparameter,thesystemusesthedefault"filter"table.
Threechainsareincluded:INPUT,OUTPUT,andFORWARD.
INPUTchainsareacceptedautomatically,andallconnectionsareacceptedwithoutbeingfiltered.
#iptables–F#iptables–X#iptables-ZDefinePolicyforChainRulesUsage:#iptables[-ttables][-P][INPUT,OUTPUT,FORWARD,PREROUTING,OUTPUT,POSTROUTING][ACCEPT,DROP]-P:Setthepolicyforthechaintothegiventarget.
INPUT:ForpacketscomingintotheV2616-LX.
OUTPUT:Forlocally-generatedpackets.
FORWARD:ForpacketsroutedoutthroughtheV2616-LX.
PREROUTING:Toalterpacketsassoonastheycomein.
POSTROUTING:Toalterpacketsastheyareabouttobesentout.
Example:#iptables–PINPUTDROP#iptables–POUTPUTACCEPT#iptables–PFORWARDACCEPT#iptables–tnat–PPREROUTINGACCEPT#iptables–tnat–POUTPUTACCEPT#iptables-tnat–PPOSTROUTINGACCEPTInthisexample,thepolicyacceptsoutgoingpacketsanddeniesincomingpackets.
AppendorDeleteRulesUsage:#iptables[-ttable][-AI][INPUT,OUTPUT,FORWARD][-iointerface][-ptcp,udp,icmp,all][-sIP/network][--sportports][-dIP/network][--dportports]–j[ACCEPT.
DROP]-A:Appendoneormorerulestotheendoftheselectedchain.
-I:Insertoneormorerulesintheselectedchainasthegivenrulenumber.
-i:Nameofaninterfaceviawhichapacketisgoingtobereceived.
-o:Nameofaninterfaceviawhichapacketisgoingtobesent.
-p:Theprotocoloftheruleorofthepackettocheck.
-s:Sourceaddress(networkname,hostname,networkIPaddress,orplainIPaddress).
--sport:Sourceportnumber.
-d:Destinationaddress.
--dport:Destinationportnumber.
-j:Jumptarget.
Specifiesthetargetoftherules;i.
e.
,howtohandlematchedpackets.
Forexample,ACCEPTthepacket,DROPthepacket,orLOGthepacket.
Examples:Example1:Acceptallpacketsfromthelointerface.
#iptables–AINPUT–ilo–jACCEPTExample2:AcceptTCPpacketsfrom192.
168.
0.
1.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp–s192.
168.
0.
1–jACCEPTV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-12Example3:AcceptTCPpacketsfromClassCnetwork192.
168.
1.
0/24.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp–s192.
168.
1.
0/24–jACCEPTExample4:DropTCPpacketsfrom192.
168.
1.
25.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp–s192.
168.
1.
25–jDROPExample5:DropTCPpacketsaddressedforport21.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp--dport21–jDROPExample6:AcceptTCPpacketsfrom192.
168.
0.
24toV2616-LX'sport137,138,139#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp–s192.
168.
0.
24--dport137:139–jACCEPTExample7:LogTCPpacketsthatvisitV2616-LX'sport25.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–ptcp--dport25–jLOGExample8:DropallpacketsfromMACaddress01:02:03:04:05:06.
#iptables–AINPUT–ieth0–pall–mmac--mac-source01:02:03:04:05:06–jDROPATTENTIONInExample8,remembertoissuethecommand#modprobeipt_macfirsttoloadthemoduleipt_mac.
NAT(NetworkAddressTranslation)TheNAT(NetworkAddressTranslation)protocoltranslatesIPaddressesusedononenetworkintoIPaddressesusedonaconnectingnetwork.
Onenetworkisdesignatedtheinsidenetworkandtheotheristheoutsidenetwork.
Typically,theV2616-LXconnectsseveraldevicesonanetworkandmapslocalinsidenetworkaddressestooneormoreglobaloutsideIPaddresses,andun-mapstheglobalIPaddressesonincomingpacketsbackintolocalIPaddresses.
ATTENTIONClickonthefollowinglinkformoreinformationaboutNAT:http://www.
netfilter.
org/documentation/HOWTO//packet-filtering-HOWTO.
htmlNATExampleTheIPaddressofallpacketsleavingLAN1arechangedto192.
168.
3.
127(youwillneedtoloadthemoduleipt_MASQUERADE):V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-13EnablingNATatBootupInmostrealworldsituations,youwillwanttouseasimpleshellscripttoenableNATwhentheV2616-LXbootsup.
Thefollowingscriptisanexample.
#!
/bin/bash#Ifyouputthisshellscriptinthe/home/nat.
sh#Remembertochmod744/home/nat.
sh#Edittherc.
localfiletomakethisshellstartupautomatically.
#vi/etc/rc.
local#Addalineintheendofrc.
local/home/nat.
shEXIF="eth0"#ThisisanexternalinterfaceforsettingupavalidIPaddress.
EXNET="192.
168.
4.
0/24"#Thisisaninternalnetworkaddress.
#Step1.
Insertmodules.
#Here2>/dev/nullmeansthestandarderrormessageswillbedumptonulldevice.
modprobeip_tables2>/dev/nullmodprobeip_nat_ftp2>/dev/nullmodprobeip_nat_irc2>/dev/nullmodprobeip_conntrack2>/dev/nullmodprobeip_conntrack_ftp2>/dev/nullmodprobeip_conntrack_irc2>/dev/null#Step2.
Definevariables,enableroutinganderasedefaultrules.
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbinexportPATHecho"1">/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward/sbin/iptables-F/sbin/iptables-X/sbin/iptables-Z/sbin/iptables-F-tnat/sbin/iptables-X-tnat/sbin/iptables-Z-tnat/sbin/iptables-PINPUTACCEPT/sbin/iptables-POUTPUTACCEPT/sbin/iptables-PFORWARDACCEPT/sbin/iptables-tnat-PPREROUTINGACCEPT/sbin/iptables-tnat-PPOSTROUTINGACCEPT/sbin/iptables-tnat-POUTPUTACCEPT#Step3.
EnableIPmasquerade.
#ehco1>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward#modprobeipt_MASQUERADE#iptables–tnat–APOSTROUTING–oeth0–jMASQUERADEPPP(PointtoPointProtocol)PPP(PointtoPointProtocol)isusedtorunIP(InternetProtocol)andothernetworkprotocolsoveraseriallink.
PPPcanbeusedfordirectserialconnections(usinganull-modemcable)overaTelnetlink,andlinksestablishedusingamodemoveratelephoneline.
Modem/PPPaccessisalmostidenticaltoconnectingdirectlytoanetworkthroughtheV2616-LXEthernetport.
SincePPPisapeer-to-peersystem,theV2616-LXcanalsousePPPtolinktwonetworks(oralocalnetworktotheInternet)tocreateaWideAreaNetwork(WAN).
V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-14ATTENTIONClickonthefollowinglinksformoreinformationaboutPPP:http://tldp.
org/HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO/index.
htmlhttp://axion.
physics.
ubc.
ca/ppp-linux.
htmlConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraSimpleDial-upConnectionThefollowingcommandisusedtoconnecttoaPPPserverbymodem.
Usethiscommandforoldpppserversthatpromptforaloginname(replace"username"withthecorrectname)andpassword(replace"password"withthecorrectpassword).
Notethat"debugcrtscts"and"defaultroute192.
1.
1.
17"areoptional.
#pppdconnect'chat-v""ATDT5551212CONNECT""'ogin:usernameword:password'/dev/ttyM0115200debugcrtsctsmodemdefaultroute192.
1.
1.
17IfthePPPserverdoesnotpromptfortheusernameandpassword,thecommandshouldbeenteredasfollows(replace"username"withthecorrectusernameandreplace"password"withthecorrectpassword):#pppdconnect'chat-v""ATDT5551212CONNECT""'userusernamepasswordpassword/dev/ttyM0115200crtsctsmodemThepppdoptionsaredescribedbelow:connect'chatetc.
.
.
'ThisoptiongivesthecommandtocontactthePPPserver.
Thechatprogramisusedtodialaremotecomputer.
Theentirecommandisenclosedinsinglequotesbecausepppdexpectsaone-wordargumentfortheconnectoption.
Theoptionsforchataregivenbelow:-vverbosemode;logwhatwedotosyslog""Doublequotes—don'twaitforaprompt,butinsteaddo.
.
.
(notethatyoumustincludeaspaceafterthesecondquotationmark)ATDT5551212Dialthemodem,andthen.
.
.
CONNECTWaitforananswer.
""Sendareturn(nulltextfollowedbytheusualreturn)ogin:usernameword:passwordLoginwithusernameandpassword.
Note:Refertothechatmanpage,chat.
8,formoreinformationaboutthechatutility.
/dev/Specifythecalloutserialport.
115200Thebaudrate.
debugLogstatusinsyslog.
crtsctsUsehardwareflowcontrolbetweenthecomputerandmodem(atbaudrateof115200thisisamust).
modemIndicatesthatthisisamodemdevice;pppdwillhangupthephonebeforeandaftermakingthecall.
defaultrouteOncethePPPlinkisestablished,makeitthedefaultroute;ifyouhaveaPPPlinktotheInternet,thisisprobablywhatyouwant.
192.
1.
1.
17Thisisadegeneratecaseofageneraloptionoftheformx.
x.
x.
x:y.
y.
y.
y.
Herex.
x.
x.
xisthelocalIPaddressandy.
y.
y.
yistheIPaddressoftheremoteendofthePPPconnection.
Ifthisoptionisnotspecified,orifjustonesideisspecified,thenx.
x.
x.
xV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-15defaultstotheIPaddressassociatedwiththelocalmachine'shostname(locatedin/etc/hosts),andy.
y.
y.
yisdeterminedbytheremotemachine.
ConnectingtoaPPPServeroveraHard-wiredLinkIfausernameandpasswordarenotrequired,usethefollowingcommand(notethatnoipdefaultisoptional):#pppdconnect'chat–v"noipdefault/dev/ttyM019200crtsctsIfausernameandpasswordisrequired,usethefollowingcommand(notethatnoipdefaultisoptional,andtheusernameandpasswordareboth"root"):#pppdconnect'chat–v"userrootpasswordrootnoipdefault/dev/ttyM019200crtsctsCheckingtheConnectionOnceyouhavesetupaPPPconnection,therearesomestepsyoucantaketotesttheconnection.
First,type:#/sbin/ifconfigDependingonyourdistribution,thecommandmightbelocatedelsewhere.
Afterexecutingthecommand,youshouldbeabletoseeallofthenetworkinterfacesthatareUP.
ppp0shouldbeoneofthenetworkinterfaces.
YoushouldrecognizethefirstIPaddressastheIPaddressofthecomputer,andP-t-PaddressistheIPaddressoftheserver.
Theoutputshouldbesimilartothefollowing:loLinkencapLocalLoopbackinetaddr127.
0.
0.
1Bcast127.
255.
255.
255Mask255.
0.
0.
0UPLOOPBACKRUNNINGMTU2000Metric1RXpackets0errors0dropped0overrun0ppp0LinkencapPoint-to-PointProtocolinetaddr192.
76.
32.
3P-t-P129.
67.
1.
165Mask255.
255.
255.
0UPPOINTOPOINTRUNNINGMTU1500Metric1RXpackets33errors0dropped0overrun0TXpackets42errors0dropped0overrun0Now,type:#pingz.
z.
z.
zwherez.
z.
z.
zistheaddressofyournameserver.
Theoutputshouldbesimilartothefollowing:MOXA:~#ping129.
67.
1.
165PING129.
67.
1.
165(129.
67.
1.
165):56databytes64bytesfrom129.
67.
1.
165:icmp_seq=0ttl=225time=268ms64bytesfrom129.
67.
1.
165:icmp_seq=1ttl=225time=247ms64bytesfrom129.
67.
1.
165:icmp_seq=2ttl=225time=266ms^C---129.
67.
1.
165pingstatistics---3packetstransmitted,3packetsreceived,0%packetlossround-tripmin/avg/max=247/260/268msMOXA:~#Trytyping:#netstat-nrYoushouldseethreeroutessimilartothefollowing:V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-16KernelroutingtableDestinationGatewayGenmaskFlagsMetricRefUseiface129.
67.
1.
1650.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
255UH006ppp0127.
0.
0.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
0.
0.
0U000lo0.
0.
0.
0129.
67.
1.
1650.
0.
0.
0UG006298ppp0Ifyouroutputlookssimilarbutdoesnothavethe"destination0.
0.
0.
0"line(whichreferstothedefaultrouteusedforconnections),youmayhaverunpppdwithoutthedefaultrouteoption.
Atthispoint,youcantryusingTelnet,ftp,orfinger,bearinginmindthatyouwillhavetousenumericIPaddressesunlessyouhaveconfigured/etc/resolv.
confcorrectly.
SettingupaMachineforIncomingPPPConnectionsMethod1:pppddial-inwithpppdcommandsThisfirstexampleappliestousingamodem,andrequiringauthorizationwithausernameandpassword.
#pppd/dev/ttyM0115200crtsctsmodem192.
168.
16.
1:192.
168.
16.
2loginauthYoushouldalsoaddthefollowinglinetothefile/etc/ppp/pap-secrets:**""*Thefirststar(*)letseveryonelogin.
Thesecondstar(*)letseveryhostconnect.
Thepairofdoublequotationmarks("")indicatesthatthefile/etc/passwdcanbeusedtocheckthepassword.
Thelaststar(*)istoletanyIPconnect.
Thefollowingexampledoesnotchecktheusernameandpassword:#pppd/dev/ttyM0115200crtsctsmodem192.
168.
16.
1:192.
168.
16.
2Method2:pppddial-inwithpppdscriptConfigureadial-inscript/etc/ppp/peer/dialin#YouusuallyneedthisifthereisnoPAPauthenticationnoauth#auth#login#Thechatscript(besuretoeditthatfile,too!
)init"/usr/sbin/chat-v-f/etc/ppp/ppp-ttyM0.
chat"#SetuproutingtogothroughthisPPPlinkdefaultroute#Defaultmodem(youbetterreplacethiswith/dev/ttySx!
)/dev/ttyM0#Speed115200#KeepmodemupevenifconnectionfailspersistcrtsctsmodemV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-17192.
168.
16.
1:192.
168.
16.
2debug-detachConfigurethechatscript/etc/ppp/ppp-ttyM0.
chatSAY'AutoAnswerON\n'''ATS0=1Startthepppddial-inservice.
#pppdcalldialinATTENTIONIfyouwouldliketohaveautodial-inservice,youcanlaunchthedial-inservicein/etc/inittabwiththerespawncommand.
MOXA:~#mount–oremount,rw/dev/hda1/MOXA:~#echo"p0:2345:respawn:pppdcalldialin">>/etc/inittabMOXA:~#umount/PPPoEUsethefollowingproceduretoconfigurePPPoE:1.
ConnecttheV2616-LX'sLANporttoanADSLmodemwithacross-overcable,HUB,orswitch.
2.
LogintotheV2616-LXastherootuser.
3.
Editthefile/etc/ppp/chap-secretsandaddthefollowing:"username@hinet.
net"*"password"*#SecretsforauthenticationusingCHAP#clientserversecretIPaddresses#PPPOEexample,ifyouwanttouseit,youneedtounmarkitandmodifyit"username@hinet.
net"*"password"*username@hinet.
netistheusernameobtainedfromtheISPtologintotheISPaccount.
passwordisthecorrespondingpasswordfortheaccount.
4.
Editthefile/etc/ppp/pap-secretsandaddthefollowing:"username@hinet.
net"*"password"*#ATTENTION:Thedefinitionsherecanallowuserstologinwithouta#passwordifyoudon'tusetheloginoptionofpppd!
ThemgettyDebian#packagealreadyprovidesthisoption;makesureyoudon'tchangethat.
#INBOUNDconnections#EveryregularusercanusePPPandhastousepasswordsfrom/etc/passwd*hostname""*"username@hinet.
net"*"password"*#UserIDsthatcannotusePPPatall.
Checkyour/etc/passwdandaddany#otheraccountsthatshouldnotbeabletousepppd!
guesthostname"*"-V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-18masterhostname"*"-roothostname"*"-supporthostname"*"-statshostname"*"-#OUTBOUNDconnectionsusername@hinet.
netistheusernameobtainedfromtheISPtologintotheISPaccount.
passwordisthecorrespondingpasswordfortheaccount.
5.
Editthefile/etc/ppp/optionsandaddthefollowingline:pluginrp-pppoe#received.
Note:itisnotadvisabletousethisoptionwiththepersist#optionwithoutthedemandoption.
Iftheactive-filteroptionisgiven,#datapacketswhicharerejectedbythespecifiedactivityfilteralso#countasthelinkbeingidle.
#idle#Specifieshowmanysecondstowaitbeforere-initiatingthelinkafter#itterminates.
Thisoptiononlyhasanyeffectifthepersistordemand#optionisused.
Theholdoffperiodisnotappliedifthelinkwas#terminatedbecauseitwasidle.
#holdoff#Waitforupnmillisecondsaftertheconnectscriptfinishesforavalid#PPPpacketfromthepeer.
Attheendofthistime,orwhenavalidPPP#packetisreceivedfromthepeer,pppdwillcommencenegotiationby#sendingitsfirstLCPpacket.
Thedefaultvalueis1000(1second).
#Thiswaitperiodonlyappliesiftheconnectorptyoptionisused.
#connect-delay#Loadthepppoepluginpluginrp-pppoe.
so#------6.
IfyouuseLAN1toconnecttotheADSLmodem,addthefile/etc/ppp/options.
eth0,ifyouuseLAN2toconnecttotheADSLmodem,add/etc/ppp/options.
eth1,etc.
nameusername@hinet.
netmtu1492mru1492defaultroutenoipdefault~~"/etc/ppp/options.
eth0"5lines,67charactersTypeyourusername(theoneyousetinthe/etc/ppp/pap-secretsand/etc/ppp/chap-secretsfiles)afterthenameoption.
Youmayaddotheroptionsasneeded.
7.
SetupDNS.
IfyouareusingDNSserverssuppliedbyyourISP,editthefile/etc/resolv.
confbyaddingthefollowinglinesofcode:nameserverip_addr_of_first_dns_servernameserverip_addr_of_second_dns_serverForexample:V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-19nameserver168.
95.
1.
1nameserver139.
175.
10.
20MOXA:/etc#catresolv.
conf##resolv.
confThisfileistheresolverconfigurationfile#Seeresolver(5).
#nameserver168.
95.
1.
1nameserver139.
175.
10.
20MOXA:/etc#Usethefollowingcommandtocreateapppoeconnection:#pppdeth08.
TheADSLmodemisconnectedtotheLAN1port,whichisnamedeth0.
IftheADSLmodemisconnectedtoLAN2,useeth1,etc.
9.
Type#ifconfigppp0tocheckiftheconnectionisOK.
IftheconnectionisOK,youshouldseetheIPaddressofppp0.
Use#pingtotesttheIPaddress.
ppp0LinkencapPoint-to-PointProtocolinetaddr192.
76.
32.
3P-t-P129.
67.
1.
165Mask255.
255.
255.
0UPPOINTOPOINTRUNNINGMTU1500Metric1RXpackets33errors0dropped0overrun0TXpackets42errors0dropped0overrun010.
Ifyouwanttodisconnecttheconnection,usethekillcommandtokillthepppdprocess.
NFS(NetworkFileSystem)ClientTheNetworkFileSystem(NFS)isusedtomountadiskpartitiononaremotemachine(asifitwereonalocalharddrive),allowingfast,seamlesssharingoffilesacrossanetwork.
NFSallowsuserstodevelopapplicationsfortheV2616-LXwithoutworryingabouttheamountofdiskspacethatwillbeavailable.
TheV2616-LXonlysupportsNFSclientprotocol.
ATTENTIONClickonthefollowinglinksformoreinformationaboutNFS.
http://www.
ietf.
org/rfc/rfc1213.
txthttp://www.
faqs.
org/rfcs/rfc1317.
htmlThefollowingproceduresillustratehowtomountaremoteNFSServer.
1.
ScantheNFSServer'sshareddirectory:#showmount–eHOSTshowmount:ShowsthemountinformationofanNFSServer-e:ShowstheNFSServer'sexportlist.
HOST:IPaddressorDNSaddress2.
EstablishamountpointontheNFSClientsite:#mkdir–p/home/nfs/public3.
Mounttheremotedirectorytoalocaldirectory:#mount-tnfs-onolock192.
168.
3.
100:/home/public/home/nfs/public(Thisiswhere192.
168.
3.
100istheexampleIPaddressoftheNFSserver.
)V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-20SNMP(SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol)TheV2616-LXcomeswiththeSNMPV1(SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol)agentsoftwarepre-installed.
ItsupportsRFC1213MIB-II.
ThefollowingexampleshowsanSNMPagentrespondingtoaqueryfromtheSNMPbrowseronthehostsite:SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.
0=STRING:LinuxMoxa2.
6.
32-5-amd64#1SMPTueJun1409:42:28UTC2011x86_64SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.
0=OID:SNMPv2-SMI::enterprises.
8691.
12.
2616DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance=Timeticks:(523675)1:27:16.
75SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.
0=STRING:"Jared"SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.
0=STRING:MoxaSNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.
0=STRING:"Fl.
8No.
6,Alley6,Lane235,Pao-ChiaoRd.
,ShingTienCity,Taipei,Taiwan,R.
O.
C.
"SNMPv2-MIB::sysORLastChange.
0=Timeticks:(1)0:00:00.
01SNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
1=OID:SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB::snmpFrameworkMIBComplianceSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
2=OID:SNMP-MPD-MIB::snmpMPDComplianceSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
3=OID:SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIB::usmMIBComplianceSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
4=OID:SNMPv2-MIB::snmpMIBSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
5=OID:TCP-MIB::tcpMIBSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
6=OID:IP-MIB::ipSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
7=OID:UDP-MIB::udpMIBSNMPv2-MIB::sysORID.
8=OID:SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-…ATTENTIONClickonthefollowinglinksformoreinformationaboutRFC1317RS-232likegroupsandRFC1213MIB-II:http://www.
faqs.
org/rfcs/rfc1317.
htmlhttp://www.
ietf.
org/rfc/rfc1213.
txtOpenVPNOpenVPNprovidestwotypesoftunnelsforuserstoimplementVPNS:RoutedIPTunnelsandBridgedEthernetTunnels.
AnEthernetbridgeisusedtoconnectdifferentEthernetnetworkstogether.
TheEthernetsarebundledintoonebigger,"logical"Ethernet.
EachEthernetcorrespondstoonephysicalinterface(orport)thatisconnectedtothebridge.
OneachOpenVPNmachine,youshouldcarryoutconfigurationsinthe/etc/openvpndirectory,wherescriptfilesandkeyfilesreside.
Onceestablished,alloperationswillbeperformedinthatdirectory.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-21EthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksonDifferentSubnets1.
Setupfourmachines,asshowninthefollowingdiagram.
HostArepresentsthemachinethatbelongstoOpenVPNA,andHostBrepresentsthemachinethatbelongstoOpenVPNB.
ThetworemotesubnetsareconfiguredforadifferentrangeofIPaddresses.
Whenthisconfigurationismovedtoapublicnetwork,theexternalinterfacesoftheOpenVPNmachinesshouldbeconfiguredforstaticIPs,orconnectedtoanotherdevice(suchasafirewallorDSLbox)first.
2.
Generateapresetsharedkeybytypingthefollowingcommand:#openvpn--genkey--secretsecrouter.
key3.
CopythefilethatisgeneratedtotheOpenVPNmachine:#scp/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
key192.
168.
8.
174:/etc/openvpnATTENTIONApresharedkeyislocatedat/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
key.
Youcanuseitfortestingpurposes.
Wesuggestcreatinganewkeyfornon-testingpurposes.
4.
OnmachineOpenVPNA,modifytheremoteaddressinconfigurationfile/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
conf.
#pointtothepeerremote192.
168.
8.
174devtap0port1194secret/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
keycipherDES-EDE3-CBCauthMD5tun-mtu1500tun-mtu-extra64ping40up/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
sh#comp-lzoV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-225.
Next,modifytheroutingtablein/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
shscript.
Start-#!
/bin/sh#valueafter"-net"isthesubnetbehindtheremotepeerrouteadd-net192.
168.
4.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0devbr0end-Andthenconfigurethebridgeinterfacein/etc/openvpn/bridge.
#!
/bin/bash#Createglobalvariables#DefineBridgeInterfacebr="br0"#DefinelistofTAPinterfacestobebridged,#forexampletap="tap0tap1tap2".
tap="tap0"#Definephysicalethernetinterfacetobebridged#withTAPinterface(s)above.
eth="eth1"eth_ip="192.
168.
8.
173"eth_netmask="255.
255.
255.
0"eth_broadcast="192.
168.
8.
255"#gw="192.
168.
8.
174".
.
.
Startthebridgescriptfiletoconfigurethebridgeinterface:#/etc/openvpn/bridgerestartOnmachineOpenVPNB,modifytheremoteaddressinconfigurationfile/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
conf.
#pointtothepeerremote192.
168.
8.
173devtap0secret/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
keycipherDES-EDE3-CBCauthMD5tun-mtu1500tun-mtu-extra64ping40up/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
sh#comp-lzo6.
Nextmodifytheroutingtablein/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
shscriptfile.
Start-#!
/bin/sh#valueafter"-net"isthesubnetbehindtheremotepeerrouteadd-net192.
168.
2.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0devbr0endAndthenconfigurethebridgeinterfacein/etc/openvpn/bridge.
#!
/bin/bash#Createglobalvariables#DefineBridgeInterfacebr="br0"#DefinelistofTAPinterfacestobebridged,V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-23#forexampletap="tap0tap1tap2".
tap="tap0"#Definephysicalethernetinterfacetobebridged#withTAPinterface(s)above.
eth="eth1"eth_ip="192.
168.
8.
174"eth_netmask="255.
255.
255.
0"eth_broadcast="192.
168.
8.
255"#gw="192.
168.
8.
173".
.
.
Startthebridgescriptfiletoconfigurethebridgeinterface.
#/etc/openvpn/bridgerestartATTENTIONSelectcipherandauthenticationalgorithmsbyspecifyingcipherandauth.
Toseewhichalgorithmsareavailable,type:#openvpn--show-ciphers#openvpn--show-auths7.
StartbothOpenVPNpeersonmachineOpenVPNAandOpenVPNB.
#openvpn--config/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
conf&IfyouseethelinePeerConnectionInitiatedwith192.
168.
8.
173:5000oneachmachine,theconnectionbetweenOpenVPNmachineshasbeenestablishedsuccessfullyonUDPport5000.
ATTENTIONYoucancreatelinksymbolstostarttheOpenVPNserviceatboottime:#ln-sf/etc/init.
d/openvpn/etc/rc2.
d/S16openvpnTostoptheservice,youshouldcreatetheselinks:#ln-sf/etc/init.
d/openvpn/etc/rc0.
d/K80openvpn#ln-sf/etc/init.
d/openvpn/etc/rc6.
d/K80openvpn8.
OneachOpenVPNmachine,checktheroutingtablebytypingthecommand#routeDestinationGatewayGenmskFlagsMetricRefUseIface192.
168.
5.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
0U000eth2192.
168.
4.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
0U000br0192.
168.
3.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
0U000eth0192.
168.
30.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
0U000eth3192.
168.
8.
00.
0.
0.
0255.
255.
255.
0U000br0Interfaceeth1anddevicetap0bothconnecttothebridginginterface,andthevirtualdevicetunsitsontopoftap0.
Thisensuresthatalltrafficcomingtothisbridgefrominternalnetworksconnectedtointerfaceeth1writetotheTAP/TUNdevicethattheOpenVPNprogrammonitors.
OncetheOpenVPNprogramdetectstrafficonthevirtualdevice,itsendsthetraffictoitspeer.
9.
TocreateanindirectconnectiontoHostBfromHostA,youneedtoaddthefollowingroutingitem:#routeadd–net192.
168.
4.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0deveth0TocreateanindirectconnectiontoHostAfromHostB,youneedtoaddthefollowingroutingitem:#routeadd–net192.
168.
2.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0deveth0NowpingHostBfromHostAbytyping:V2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-24#ping192.
168.
4.
174AsuccessfulpingindicatesthatyouhavecreatedaVPNsystemthatonlyallowsauthorizedusersfromoneinternalnetworktoaccessusersattheremotesite.
Forthissystem,alldataistransmittedbyUDPpacketsonport5000betweenOpenVPNpeers.
10.
ToshutdownOpenVPNprograms,typethecommand:#killall-TERMopenvpnEthernetBridgingforPrivateNetworksontheSameSubnet1.
Setupfourmachines,asshowninthefollowingdiagram.
2.
Theconfigurationprocedureisalmostthesameasforthepreviousexample.
Theonlydifferenceisthatyouwillneedtocommentouttheparameterupin/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
confofOpenVPNAand/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
confofOpenVPNB.
#pointtothepeerremote192.
168.
8.
174devtap0secret/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
keycipherDES-EDE3-CBCauthMD5tun-mtu1500tun-mtu-extra64ping40#up/etc/openvpn/tap0-br.
sh#comp-lzoV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-25RoutedIP1.
Setupfourmachines,asshowninthefollowingdiagram.
2.
OnmachineOpenVPNA,modifytheremoteaddressinconfigurationfile/etc/openvpn/tun.
conf.
#pointtothepeerremote192.
168.
8.
174devtunsecret/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
keycipherDES-EDE3-CBCauthMD5tun-mtu1500tun-mtu-extra64ping40ifconfig192.
168.
2.
173192.
168.
4.
174up/etc/openvpn/tun.
sh-----3.
Next,modifytheroutingtableinscriptfile/etc/openvpn/tun.
sh.
Start-#!
/bin/sh#valueafter"-net"isthesubnetbehindtheremotepeerrouteadd-net192.
168.
2.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0gw$5end-4.
OnmachineOpenVPNB,modifytheremoteaddressinconfigurationfile/etc/openvpn/tun.
conf.
#pointtothepeerremote192.
168.
8.
173devtunsecret/etc/openvpn/secrouter.
keycipherDES-EDE3-CBCauthMD5tun-mtu1500tun-mtu-extra64ping40ifconfig192.
168.
4.
174192.
168.
2.
173up/etc/openvpn/tun.
shV2616LinuxUser'sManualManagingCommunications3-26Andthenmodifytheroutingtableinscriptfile/etc/openvpn/tun.
sh.
Start-#!
/bin/sh#valueafter"-net"isthesubnetbehindtheremotepeerrouteadd-net192.
168.
2.
0netmask255.
255.
255.
0gw$5end-Thefirstargumentofparameterifconfigisthelocalinternalinterfaceandthesecondargumentistheinternalinterfaceattheremotepeer.
$5istheargumentthattheOpenVPNprogrampassestothescriptfile.
Itsvalueisthesecondargumentofifconfigintheconfigurationfile.
5.
ChecktheroutingtableafteryouruntheOpenVPNprograms,bytypingthecommand#route.
DestinationGatewayGenmskFlagsMetricRefUseIface192.
168.
4.
174*255.
255.
255.
255UH000tun0192.
168.
4.
0192.
168.
4.
174255.
255.
255.
0UG000tun0192.
168.
2.
0*255.
255.
255.
0U000eth1192.
168.
8.
0*255.
255.
255.
0U000eth044.
ProgrammingGuideThefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:RTC(RealTimeClock)UARTDigitalI/OSpecialNoteExamplesWDT(WatchDogTimer)IntroductionHowtheWDTWorksTheuserAPISpecialNoteExamplesV2616LinuxUser'sManualProgrammingGuide4-2RTC(RealTimeClock)Thedevicenodeislocatedat/dev/rtc.
TheV2616-LXsupportsstandardLinuxsimpleRTCcontrol.
Youmustinclude.
1.
Function:RTC_RD_TIMEintioctl(fd,RTC_RD_TIME,structrtc_time*time);Description:readtimeinformationfromtheRTC.
Itwillreturnthevalueonargument3.
2.
Function:RTC_SET_TIMEintioctl(fd,RTC_SET_TIME,structrtc_time*time);Description:setRTCtime.
Argument3willbepassedtoRTC.
UARTThenormalttydevicenodesare/dev/ttyM0and/det/ttyM1.
TheV2616-LXsupportsstandardLinuxtermioscontrolwithRS-232/422/485serialports.
DigitalI/ODigitalOutputchannelscanbesettohighorlow.
Thechannelsarecontrolledbythefunctioncallset_dout_state().
Usethedigitalinputchannelstodetectthestatechangeofthedigitalinputsignal.
TheDIchannelscanalsobeusedtodetectwhetherornotthestateofadigitalsignalchangesduringafixedperiodoftime.
Thiscanbedonewiththefunctioncallset_din_event().
Returnerrorcodedefinitions:#defineDIO_ERROR_PORT-1//nosuchport#defineDIO_ERROR_MODE-2//nosuchmodeorstate#defineDIO_ERROR_CONTROL-3//openorioctlfail#defineDIO_ERROR_DURATION-4//Thevalueofdurationisnot0ornotintherange,40TheDOUTportyouwanttoset.
Portstartsfrom0to3Sethighorlowstate;DIO_HIGH(1)forhigh,DIO_LOW(0)forlow.
OutputNoneReturnrefertotheerrorcodeFunctionintget_din_state(intdiport,int*state)DescriptionGettheDINportstateInputTheDINporttogetthestateof.
Portnumberingisfrom0to3SavethecurrentstateOutputDIO_HIGH(1)forhigh,DIO_LOW(0)forlowV2616LinuxUser'sManualProgrammingGuide4-3ReturnRefertotheerrorcodeFunctionintget_dout_state(intdoport,int*state)DescriptionGettheDOUTportstateInputTheDOUTporttogetthestateof.
Savethecurrentstate.
OutputDIO_HIGH(1)forhigh,DIO_LOW(0)forlowReturnRefertotheerrorcodeFunctionintset_din_event(intdiport,void(*func)(intdiport),intmode,longintduration)DescriptionSettheDINeventwhenthestateischangedfromhightoloworfromlowtohighInputTheportthatwillbeusedtodetecttheDINevent.
Portnumberingisfrom0to3.
Thisvaluedependsonyourdevice.
NotNULL:Returnsthecallbackfunction.
Whentheeventoccurs,thecallbackfunctionwillbeinvoked.
NULL:ClearthiseventDIN_EVENT_HIGH_TO_LOW(1):FromhightolowDIN_EVENT_LOW_TO_HIGH(0):FromlowtohighDIN_EVENT_CLEAR(-1):Clearthisevent0:DetectthedineventDIN_EVENT_HIGH_TO_LOWorDIN_EVENT_LOW_TO_HIGHwithoutdurationNot0:DetectthedineventDIN_EVENT_HIGH_TO_LOWorDIN_EVENT_LOW_TO_HIGHwithduration.
Note:Thevalueof"duration"mustbeamultipleof20milliseconds.
Therangeof"duration"is0,or40WhichDINportyouwanttoretrieveSavethesetevent.
ThedurationtheDINportiskeptinhighorlowstate.
-returntothecurrentdurationvalueofdiportOutputDIN_EVENT_HIGH_TO_LOW(1):FromhightolowDIN_EVENT_LOW_TO_HIGH(0):FromlowtohighDIN_EVENT_CLEAR(-1):ClearthiseventThevalueofdurationshouldbe0or40thefilehandle,fromtheswtd_open()returnvalueThetimeyouwishtoacksoftwarewatchdogperiodically.
Note:Youmustackthesoftwarewatchdogbeforetimeout.
Otherwise,thesystemwillrebootautomatically.
Theminimaltimeis50msec,themaximumtimeis60seconds.
Thetimeunitismsec.
OutputNoneReturnOnsuccess,0isreturned.
Otherwise,anerrornumberisreturnFunctionintswtd_disable(intfd)DescriptionDisabletheapplicationtoacksoftwarewatchdog.
Andthekernelwillackitautomatically.
Inputthefilehandlefromswtd_open()returnvalue.
OutputNoneReturnOnsuccess,0isreturned.
Otherwise,anerrornumberisreturnFunctionintswtd_get(intfd,int*mode,unsignedlong*time)V2616LinuxUser'sManualProgrammingGuide4-5DescriptionGetcurrentsettingvalues.
Inputthefilehandlefromswtd_open()returnvalue.
returnthestatus1(enable)or0(disable)ofuserspacewatchdogreturnthecurrenttimeperiod.
OutputNoneReturnOnsuccess,0isreturned.
Otherwise,anerrornumberisreturnFunctionintswtd_ack(intfd)DescriptionAcknowledgesoftwarewatchdog.
Whensoftwarewatchdogisenabled,applicationshouldexecuteswtd_ack()periodicallywithinuserpredefinedtime.
Inputthefilehandlefromswtd_open()returnvalue.
OutputNoneReturnOnsuccess,0isreturned.
Otherwise,anerrornumberisreturnFunctionintswtd_close(intfd)DescriptionClosethefilehandle.
Inputthefilehandlefromswtd_open()returnvalue.
OutputNoneReturnOnsuccess,0isreturned.
Otherwise,anerrornumberisreturnSpecialNoteWhenyou"killtheapplicationwith-9"or"killwithoutoption"or"Ctrl+c"thekernelwillchangetoautoackthesoftwarewatchdog.
Whenyourapplicationenablesthesoftwarewatchdoganddoesnotack,yourapplicationmayhavealogicalerror,oryourapplicationhasgeneratedacoredump.
Thekernelwillnotchangetoautoack.
Thiscancauseyoursystemtorebootagainandagain.
ExamplesTheexamplefilewatchdog.
candMakefileareputinthefolder\example\swatchdog\ontheCD.
55.
RAID0/1FunctionConfigurationTheV2616-LXready-to-runembeddedcomputerisaRAIDmanagementplatformdesignedtoserveasafront-endfordataacquisitionandindustrialcontrolapplications.
ThischapterdescribeshowtoconfigurethevolumesupportedbytheLinuxoperatingsystem.
Thefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:dm-raidCreatingRAIDfromtheBIOSMountingtheRAIDVolumeReplacingaFailedDiskSoftwareRAID—mdadmCreatingSoftwareRAIDVolumeCheckingtheSoftwareRAIDStatusReplacingaFailedDiskV2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-2dm-raidThisembeddedcomputerplatformusesanIntel82801SATARAIDcontroller.
ThepurposeofthisguideistoenableuseofaRAIDsetcreatedbytheon-boardBIOSRAIDcontroller.
#lspci.
.
.
00:1f.
2RAIDbuscontroller:IntelCorporationMobile82801SATARAIDController(rev03)…ATTENTIONTherearethreewaystocreateRAID:1.
Software-RAID:TheRAIDiscreatedbysoftware.
2.
Hardware-RAID:AspecialcontrollerisusedtobuildRAID.
HardwareRAIDisgenerallyfaster,anddoesnotplacealoadontheCPU,andhardwareRAIDcanbeusedwithanyOS3.
FakeRAID:SinceRAIDhardwareisveryexpensive,multi-channelcontrollersaresometimesusedwithspecialBIOSfeaturestoperformRAID.
ThisisaformofsoftwareRAIDusingspecialdrivers,anditisnotnecessarilyfasterthantruesoftwareRAID.
ReadFakeRaidHowtofordetails.
TheRAIDsoftwareincludedwithcurrentversionsofLinux(andUbuntu)isbasedonthe'mdadm'driverandworksverywell.
CreatingRAIDfromtheBIOS1.
ToentertheIntelMatrixStorageManageroptionROMuserinterface,presstheandkeyssimultaneouslywhenpromptedduringthePower-OnSelfTest(POST).
2.
Selectfirstoption,CreateRAIDVolumeandthenpressthekey.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-33.
Typeinavolumenameandpressthekey,orpressthekeytoacceptthedefaultname.
4.
SelecttheRAIDlevelbyusingtheorkeystoscrollthroughtheavailablevalues,thenpressthekey.
5.
Pressthekeytoselectthephysicaldisks.
Adialogsimilartothefollowingwillappear:V2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-46.
Selecttheappropriatenumberofharddrivesbyusingtheorkeystoscrollthroughthelistofavailableharddrives.
.
Pressthekeytoselectadrive.
Whenyouhavefinishedselectingharddrives,pressthekey.
7.
UnlessyouhaveselectedRAID1,selectthestripsizebyusingtheorkeystoscrollthroughtheavailablevalues,andthenpressthekey.
8.
Selectthevolumecapacityandthenpressthekey.
Note:Thedefaultvalueindicatesthemaximumvolumecapacityusingtheselecteddisks.
Iflessthanthemaximumvolumecapacityischosen,creationofasecondvolumeisneededtoutilizetheremainingspace(i.
e.
,amatrixRAIDconfiguration).
V2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-59.
AttheCreateVolumeprompt,pressthekeytocreatethevolume.
Thefollowingpromptwillappear10.
Pressthekeytoconfirmvolumecreation.
11.
ToexittheoptionROMuserinterface,selectoption5.
Exitandpressthekey.
Pressthekeyagaintoconfirmexit.
Note:Tochangeanyoftheinformationbeforethevolumecreationhasbeenconfirmed,youmustexittheCreateVolumeprocessandrestartit.
PressthekeytoexittheCreateVolumeprocess.
MountingtheRAIDVolume1.
TestingdmraidToverifythatdmraidwillworkwithyourconfiguration,checkthecontentsofthe/dev/mapperdirectory.
/dev/dm-0isalinkto/dev/mapper/isw_fihjejccc_Volume0.
Youcanpartitionorformatoneofthesedevicefiles.
ATTENTIONIfthereisjusta"control"file,thendmraidwaseithernotloaded,ordmraidwillnotworkwithyourconfiguration.
1.
Createapartitionwithfdisk,andthenftertheRAIDiscreated,activateit.
2.
FormattheRAID.
root@Moxa:~#mkfs.
ext4/dev/dm-0root@Moxa:~#dmraid-ayroot@Moxa:~#fdisk/dev/dm-0root@Moxa:~#ls-l/dev/mapper/total0crw-------1rootroot10,59Aug510:10controllrwxrwxrwx1rootroot7Aug510:10isw_fihjejccc_Volume0->.
.
/dm-0root@Moxa:~#V2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-63.
Mounttheraiddevice.
4.
Ifyouneedtomountitautomatically,youcanaddtheconfigurein/etc/fstab.
Rebootanditshouldbemountedat/mnt/raid.
ReplacingaFailedDiskIfthearrayisrunninginmirrormodeandoneofthedisksfails,youcanreplacethefaileddiskwithanewone.
Run"dmraid-s"tocheckiftheinitialstatusisOK.
Run"dmraid-r"andcheckifthemirrorisrunningandthediskdrivesareattached.
Removethefailedharddisk,andrun"dmraid-s"againtocheckthestatus.
TheRAIDstatusisinconsistent.
YouneedtounmounttheRAIDvolumeandstoptheraid.
root@Moxa:~#umount/mnt/raid0root@Moxa:~#dmraid-anroot@Moxa:~#dmraid-sERROR:isw:wrongnumberofdevicesinRAIDset"isw_ddjejgjhgi_Volume0"[1/2]on/dev/sdc***Groupsupersetisw_ddjejgjhgi-->*Inconsistent*ActiveSubsetname:isw_ddjejgjhgi_Volume0size:14680320stride:128type:mirrorstatus:inconsistentsubsets:0devs:1spares:0root@Moxa:~#root@Moxa:~#root@Moxa:~#dmraid-r/dev/sdc:isw,"isw_ddjejgjhgi",GROUP,ok,976773166sectors,data@0/dev/sdb:isw,"isw_ddjejgjhgi",GROUP,ok,31277054sectors,data@0root@Moxa:~#dmraid-s***Groupsupersetisw_ddjejgjhgi-->ActiveSubsetname:isw_ddjejgjhgi_Volume0size:14680320stride:128type:mirrorstatus:oksubsets:0devs:2spares:0/dev/dm-0/mnt/raidext4defaults02root@Moxa:~#mount/dev/dm-0/mnt/raidV2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-7Nowinstallthenewdriveandrun"dmesg"tocheckifthenewdrivehasbeenattached.
Whenthenewdriveisattached,rebuildtheRAIDvolumebyrunningdmraid-RRAID-set[device-path].
Next,usedmraid-aytoactivatetheRAIDconfigurationsandthenmountitagain.
SoftwareRAID—mdadmmdadmisaLinuxutilityusedtomanagesoftwareRAIDdevices.
Thenameisderivedfromthe"md"(multipledevice)devicenodesit"adm"inistersormanages;itreplacestheutilitymdctl.
Theoriginalnamewas"MirrorDisk,"butwaschangedasthefunctionalityincreased.
NotethatthissectiondescribestheRAIDsettingsbytheLinuxoperatingsystem,insteadofthesettingsbyBIOS.
CreatingSoftwareRAIDVolumeTheV2616-LXhas2SATAhardiskslotsandcanmanagelinear,raid0,andraid1volumesonthesetwoSATAhardisks.
1.
Createapartitionwithfdisk.
2.
CreatetheRAIDvolume.
TheFollowingmdadmoptionsareusedtocreatetheraidvolume.
a.
CreatealinearmodesoftwareRAID.
root@Moxa:~#mdadm-Cv-llinear-n2/dev/md0/dev/sd{b,c}1-C:create-v:verbose-l:RAIDlevel,optionsare:linear,raid0,0,stripe,raid1,1,mirror,raid4,4,raid5,5,raid6,6,raid10,10,multipath,mp,faulty.
Obviouslysomeofthesearesynonymous.
-n:thenumberofdisksroot@Moxa:~#fdisk/dev/sdb1root@Moxa:~#fdisk/dev/sdc1root@Moxa:~#dmraid-ayroot@Moxa:~#mount/dev/dm-1/mnt/raidroot@Moxa:~#dmraid-Risw_ddjejgjhgi_Volume0/dev/sdbroot@Moxa:~#dmesg…[1906.
505084]sd4:0:0:0:[sdb]976773168512-bytelogicalblocks:(500GB/465GiB)[1906.
505131]sd4:0:0:0:[sdb]WriteProtectisoff[1906.
505133]sd4:0:0:0:[sdb]ModeSense:003a0000[1906.
505153]sd4:0:0:0:[sdb]Writecache:enabled,readcache:enabled,doesn'tsupportDPOorFUA[1906.
505261]sdb:sdb1[1906.
520526]sd4:0:0:0:[sdb]AttachedSCSIdiskV2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-8b.
CreateastripingmodesoftwareRAID0.
c.
CreateamirrormodesoftwareRAID1.
3.
FormattheRAID.
4.
Mounttheraiddevicemanually.
5.
Starttheraidvolumeautomaticallyatnextbootup.
Ifyouneedtostartthearrayautomatically,edit/etc/mdadm/mdadm.
conf.
Edit/etc/mdadm/mdadm.
conf.
Addthefollowingconfigurationin/etc/fstab.
Unmounttherootfilesystemandreboot.
Thearrayshouldbestartedandmountedat/mnt/raid.
CheckingtheSoftwareRAIDStatusThesoftwareraidstatuscanbecheckedbyreading/proc/mdstat.
Ifthearrayisnotrunning,thereisnoactivelineardrive.
root@Moxa:~#cat/proc/mdstatPersonalities:[linear]unuseddevices:root@Moxa:~#cat/proc/mdstatPersonalities:[linear]md0:activelinearsdc1[1]sdb1[0]23436724blockssuper1.
20kroundingunuseddevices:root@Moxa:~#umount//dev/md0/mnt/raidext4defaults02DEVICE/dev/sdb1/dev/sdc1CREATEowner=rootgroup=diskmode=0660auto=yesHOMEHOSTMAILADDRyour_email@xxx.
comARRAY/dev/md0metadata=1.
2name=Moxa:0UUID=45ae9dbe:f30741ec:b22eff98:2dadb12droot@Moxa:~#mount–oremount,rw/root@Moxa:~#mdadm--detail--scan>>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.
confroot@Moxa:~#mount/dev/md0/mnt/raidroot@Moxa:~#mkfs.
ext4/dev/md0root@Moxa:~#mdadm-Cv–l1-n2/dev/md0/dev/sd{b,c}1root@Moxa:~#mdadm-Cv–l0-n2/dev/md0/dev/sd{b,c}1V2616LinuxUser'sManualRAID0/1FunctionConfiguration5-9ReplacingaFailedDiskIfthearrayisrunninginmirrormodeandoneofthedisksfails,youshouldreplacethefaileddiskwithanewone.
Inthiscase,sdb1[0](F)meansthatthesdbdiskhasfailed.
Usethefollowingcommandtoremovethefaileddiskfromraid.
Next,replacethefaileddrivewiththenewoneandaddittothearray.
Runthefollowingcommandtocheckifthearrayisrecoveringautomatically.
root@Moxa:~#cat/proc/mdstatPersonalities:[raid1]md0:activeraid1sdb1[0]sdc1[1]7806522blockssuper1.
2[2/1][_U]recovery=10.
6%(831488/7806522)finish=0.
9minspeed=118784K/secunuseddevices:root@Moxa:~#mdadm-a/dev/md0/dev/sdb1root@Moxa:~#mdadm-r/dev/md0/dev/sdb1mdadm:hotremoved/dev/sdb1from/dev/md0md1:activeraid1sdc1[1]sdb1[0](F)17920384blocks[2/1][_U]66.
SystemRecoveryTheV2616-LXready-to-runembeddedcomputersareanembeddedLinuxplatform.
Thischapterdescribestherecoveryprocessintheeventofsysteminstability.
Thefollowingtopicsarecoveredinthischapter:RecoveryEnvironmentRecoveryProcedureSavingtheSystemtotheUSBDriveV2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-2RecoveryEnvironmentTheenvironmentincludesaV2616-LXembeddedcomputerandabootableUSBdiskwiththerecoveryprogramsandsystemimagefile.
HardwareThehardwareusedincludesaPC,aV2616-LXcomputerandaUSBdiskwiththerecoveryprograms.
(Note:TheUSBdiskshouldbeatleast2GB.
).
RecoveryProcedureStep1:PrepareyourUSBdrive1.
Executetuxboot-windows-23.
exefromtheutility_tools/CloneZillafolderontheSoftwareCD,selectPreDownload,andthenclick"…"2.
SelecttheISOfileinthedirectory.
USBDISK(Recoverydataincluded)V2616-LXUSBPortsV2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-33.
SelectUSBDrivetype,selectaDrive,andthenclickOKtocontinue.
4.
ThebootfileswillbecopiedtoyourUSBdrive.
5.
Whenfinished,clickExittostoptheprogram.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-46.
Manuallycopytheos_imagedirectoryfromthe/recoveryfolderontheSoftwareCDto\home\partimag\ontheUSBdrive.
Step2:ChangetheBIOSSettingsYouwillneedtochangetheBIOSsettingstobootfromtheUSBdisk.
1.
TurnonthecomputerandpressDELtoentertheBIOSsetupmenu.
SelectHardDiskBootPriorityandthenpressEnter.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-52.
SelectUSBdiskandthenpress"+"tomoveittothefirstbootdevicepositionandthenmakesureyournewlyinstalledCompactFlashcardisthesecondbootdevice.
Warning:Anincorrectbootprioritywillleadtorecoveryfailure.
3.
PressF10andthenpressEntertosaveandexitbiossetup.
Step3:RestorethesystemfromUSBdriveConnecttheUSBdisktoanyoftheV2616-LX'sUSBportsandthenrebootthecomputer.
ThesystemwillbootfromtheUSBdiskandthePre-installationEnvironmentandtherecoveryutilitywillappear.
1.
Selectclonezillaliverestoredisk.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-62.
WaitfortheUSBdrivebootprocesstofinish.
3.
Enterytocontinuetherestoreprocess.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-74.
Enterytoconfirmagain.
5.
Waitfortheprocesstofinish.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-86.
Select(0)Powerofftopoweroffthecomputer.
7.
RemovetheUSBdriveafterthecomputerhasbeenpoweredoff.
Step4:ChangetheBIOSSettingstoBootfromtheOriginalDiskNowyouwillneedtochangethebootprioritysothatitcanbootfromtheoriginaldisk.
Asthesystemreboots,pressDELtoentertheBIOSsetupmenu.
1.
SelectHardDiskBootPriorityandthenpressEnter.
Makesuretheharddiskhasfirstbootpriority.
2.
PressF10andthenpressEntertosaveandexitBIOSsettings.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-9Step5:ReboottheComputerYouneedtowaitabout10to15minutesforthesystemtorestart,sincethesystemconfigurationfileswillbeinitiatedwhilebootingupforthefirsttime.
Donotturnoffthecomputerorshutdownthecomputerwhilethesystemisrestarting;otherwise,theIISservicewillbeterminated.
Whentheoperatingsystemhassuccessfullylaunched,youwillneedtorestartyourcomputersothatthenewsettingscanbeactivated.
SavingtheSystemtotheUSBDriveYoumayalsosavethecurrentsystemtotheUSBdriveforsystemrecoveryincasethesystemcrashes.
BeforesavingthesystemtotheUSBdrive,wesuggestyouremoveallfilesunder\home\partimag\ontheUSBdrive.
Inaddition,changetheBIOSsettingstomaketheUSBdrivethefirstbootpriority.
Whenthesystemhasbeenlaunched,takethefollowingsteps.
1.
Selectclonezillalivesavedisk.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-102.
WaitfortheUSBdrivebootprocesstofinish.
3.
Enterytocontinue.
V2616LinuxUser'sManualSystemRecovery6-114.
Waitfortheprocesstofinish.
5.
Select(0)Poweroffsothatthecomputerwillpoweroffwhentheprocessisfinished.
AA.
SoftwareComponentsacpi1.
5-2displaysinformationonACPIdevicesacpi-support-base0.
137-5scriptsforhandlingbaseACPIeventssuchasthepowerbuttonacpid1:2.
0.
7-1AdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterfaceeventdaemonadduser3.
112+nmu2addandremoveusersandgroupsalacarte0.
13.
2-1easyGNOMEmenueditingtoolalsa-base1.
0.
23+dfsg-2ALSAdriverconfigurationfilesalsa-utils1.
0.
23-3UtilitiesforconfiguringandusingALSAapache22.
2.
16-6+squeeze1ApacheHTTPServermetapackageapache2-mpm-prefork2.
2.
16-6+squeeze1ApacheHTTPServer-traditionalnon-threadedmodelapache2-utils2.
2.
16-6+squeeze1utilityprogramsforwebserversapache2.
2-bin2.
2.
16-6+squeeze1ApacheHTTPServercommonbinaryfilesapache2.
2-common2.
2.
16-6+squeeze1ApacheHTTPServercommonfilesapp-install-data2010.
11.
17ApplicationInstallerDataFilesapt0.
8.
10.
3+squeeze1Advancedfront-endfordpkgapt-utils0.
8.
10.
3+squeeze1APTutilityprogramsapt-xapian-index0.
41maintenanceandsearchtoolsforaXapianindexofDebianpackagesaptitude0.
6.
3-3.
2terminal-basedpackagemanager(terminalinterfaceonly)aspell0.
60.
6-4GNUAspellspell-checkeraspell-en6.
0-0-6EnglishdictionaryforGNUAspellat3.
1.
12-1Delayedjobexecutionandbatchprocessingat-spi1.
30.
1-3AssistiveTechnologyServiceProviderInterfaceautoconf2.
67-2automaticconfigurescriptbuilderautoconf2.
132.
13-60automaticconfigurescriptbuilder(obsoleteversion)automake1:1.
11.
1-1AtoolforgeneratingGNUStandards-compliantMakefilesautomake1.
41:1.
4-p6-13.
1AtoolforgeneratingGNUStandards-compliantMakefilesautotools-dev20100122.
1Updateinfrastructureforconfig.
{guess,sub}filesbase-files6.
0squeeze2Debianbasesystemmiscellaneousfilesbase-passwd3.
5.
22Debianbasesystemmasterpasswordandgroupfilesbash4.
1-3TheGNUBourneAgainSHellbash-completion1:1.
2-3programmablecompletionforthebashshellbc1.
06.
95-2TheGNUbcarbitraryprecisioncalculatorlanguagebind9-host1:9.
7.
3.
dfsg-1~squeeze3Versionof'host'bundledwithBIND9.
Xbinutils2.
20.
1-16TheGNUassembler,linkerandbinaryutilitiesbrasero2.
30.
3-2CD/DVDburningapplicationforGNOMEbrasero-common2.
30.
3-2CommonfilesfortheBraseroCDburningapplicationandlibraryV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareComponentsA-2bridge-utils1.
4-5UtilitiesforconfiguringtheLinuxEthernetbridgebsdmainutils8.
0.
13collectionofmoreutilitiesfromFreeBSDbsdutils1:2.
17.
2-9Basicutilitiesfrom4.
4BSD-Litebusybox1:1.
17.
1-8Tinyutilitiesforsmallandembeddedsystemsbzip21.
0.
5-6high-qualityblock-sortingfilecompressor-utilitiesca-certificates20090814+nmu2CommonCAcertificatescapplets-data1:2.
30.
1-2configurationappletsforGNOME-datafilescdrdao1:1.
2.
3-0.
1recordsCDsinDisk-At-Once(DAO)modeconsole-setup1.
68+squeeze2consolefontandkeymapsetupprogramconsole-terminus4.
30-2Fixed-widthfontsforfastreadingontheLinuxconsoleconsolekit0.
4.
1-4frameworkfordefiningandtrackingusers,sessionsandseatscoreutils8.
5-1GNUcoreutilitiescpio2.
11-4GNUcpio--aprogramtomanagearchivesoffilescpp4:4.
4.
5-1TheGNUCpreprocessor(cpp)cpp-4.
34.
3.
5-4TheGNUCpreprocessorcpp-4.
44.
4.
5-8TheGNUCpreprocessorcpufrequtils007-1utilitiestodealwiththecpufreqLinuxkernelfeaturecron3.
0pl1-116processschedulingdaemondash0.
5.
5.
1-7.
4POSIX-compliantshelldbus1.
2.
24-4+squeeze1simpleinterprocessmessagingsystemdbus-x111.
2.
24-4+squeeze1simpleinterprocessmessagingsystem(X11deps)debconf1.
5.
36.
1Debianconfigurationmanagementsystemdebconf-i18n1.
5.
36.
1fullinternationalizationsupportfordebconfdebian-archive-keyring2010.
08.
28GnuPGarchivekeysoftheDebianarchivedebian-faq4.
0.
4+nmu1TheDebianFAQdebianutils3.
4MiscellaneousutilitiesspecifictoDebiandefoma0.
11.
11DebianFontManager--automaticfontconfigurationframeworkdeskbar-applet2.
32.
0-1universalsearchandnavigationbarforGNOMEdesktop-base6.
0.
5squeeze1commonfilesfortheDebianDesktopdesktop-file-utils0.
15-2Utilitiesfor.
desktopfilesdictionaries-common1.
5.
17Commonutilitiesforspellingdictionarytoolsdiffutils1:3.
0-1Filecomparisonutilitiesdiscover2.
1.
2-5hardwareidentificationsystemdiscover-data2.
2010.
10.
18DatalistsforDiscoverhardwaredetectionsystemdmidecode2.
9-1.
2DumpDesktopManagementInterfacedatadmraid1.
0.
0.
rc16-4.
1Device-MapperSoftwareRAIDsupporttooldmsetup2:1.
02.
48-5TheLinuxKernelDeviceMapperuserspacelibrarydmz-cursor-theme0.
4.
3Styleneutral,scalablecursorthemednsutils1:9.
7.
3.
dfsg-1~squeeze3ClientsprovidedwithBINDdocbook-xml4.
5-7standardXMLdocumentationsystemforsoftwareandsystemsdosfstools3.
0.
9-1utilitiesformakingandcheckingMS-DOSFATfilesystemsdpkg1.
15.
8.
11Debianpackagemanagementsystemdvd+rw-tools7.
1-6DVD+-RW/Rtoolse2fslibs1.
41.
12-4stable1ext2/ext3/ext4filesystemlibrariese2fsprogs1.
41.
12-4stable1ext2/ext3/ext4filesystemutilitieseject2.
1.
5+deb1+cvs20081104-7.
1ejectsCDsandoperatesCD-ChangersunderLinuxesound-common0.
2.
41-8EnlightenedSoundDaemon-CommonfilesV2616LinuxUser'sManualSoftwareComponentsA-3ethtool1:2.
6.
34-3displayorchangeEthernetdevicesettingsevolution-data-server2.
30.
3-2evolutiondatabasebackendserverevolution-data-server-common2.
30.
3-2architectureindependentfilesforEvolutionDataServerexim4-base4.
72-6+squeeze2supportfilesforallEximMTA(v4)packagesexim4-config4.
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88ToolforselectingtasksforinstallationonDebiansystemstasksel-data2.
88OfficialtasksusedforinstallationofDebiansystemstcpd7.
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17-18Trivialfiletransferprotocolservertime1.
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87-5LinuxUSButilitiesutil-linux2.
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