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SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011SupplementaryInformationCompressed-airflowcontrolsystemKiWanBonga,StephenC.
Chapina,DanielC.
Pregibonb,DavidBaahc,TamaraM.
Floyd-Smithd,andPatrickS.
DoyleaaDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,USA.
bFireflyBioWorks,Inc.
,Cambridge,MA02139,USA.
cMaterialsScienceandEngineeringProgram,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088,USA.
dDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088,USA.
Authorscontributedequallytothiswork*e-mail:pdoyle@mit.
eduSupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry20111.
ChannelgeometriesFigureS1.
Schematicdepictingthefourtypesofchannelsusedinthisarticle.
Forthethreechannelsgeneratinglaminarcoflows,thedimensionswereallidentical;onlythenumberofinletsdiffered.
2.
EstimationofmaximumfluidvelocityThefollowingassumptionsweremadeintheestimation:1.
Newtonian,incompressible,fullydeveloped,andlaminarflows2.
Negligiblesurfacetensionbetweensolutions3.
Viscosityisthesame(65cP)inallinletflowstreams.
4.
Pressuredropoccursinnarrowinletchannels.
5.
NegligiblePDMSchanneldeformationforW(channelwidth)~H(channelheight)1BasicEquationsForlaminarflowinapipe,thevolumetricflowrateQisgivenbythefollowingequation2,Q=(1)Hydraulicdiameterofrectangulartubesisalsogivenbythefollowingequation2.
(2)wherea=widthofapipeandb=heightofapipe.
SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011TableS1.
InletgeometryforthechannelusedinFig.
2.
Width,W1Area,A1HydraulicDiameter,Dh,1Length,L150m1900m243m4000mEquationSetup2Qinlet=Qt(3)Umax=1.
5Uavg=1.
5(Qt/A2)=858*P(μm/s)(4)3.
BeadTrackingA0.
02%solutionof1.
6μmpolystyrenebeadsinPEG-DA700wasusedtomeasuremaximumfluidvelocity(Umax).
Thebeadvelocitywasmaximuminthecenterofthechannel,andmidwaybetweenthetwowalls.
Afteragivenpressurewasapplied,beadsinthecenterofthechannelwerefollowedwitha20Xmicroscopeobjective(Zeiss)withanoptivarsettingof2.
5Xleadingtoeffectivemagnificationsof50X.
MoviesoftranslatingbeadsweretakenbyaCCDcamerathatcapturedimagesattherateof30fpsusinganexposuretimeof1/500s.
Fromtheframe-to-framepositionofbeads,beadvelocitieswerecalculatedusingthecentraldifferenceapproximation.
TableS2.
ComparisonbetweenmeasuredandestimatedUmax.
P(Psi)MeasuredUmax(μm/s)(Frombeadtracking)EstimatedUmax(μm/s)(Fromequation(4))%Deviationfromtheestimation0.
559142937.
8%1.
095485811.
1%1.
5134412884.
4%2.
0180117174.
9%2.
52374214610.
6%3.
0269625754.
7%3.
5325230058.
2%4.
0364234346.
0%SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry20114.
Automationofpulsed-flowoperationFigureS2.
Schematicdescriptionoftheelectricalcircuitusedforautomatedcontrolofthethree-waysolenoidvalveviatheparallelportconnection.
AsimpleGUIwasconstructedusingPythontoallowtheusertocyclethisprocessautomaticallythroughthespecificationofaflowdurationandastoppageduration.
5.
ApythonscriptfortheautomationAsamplecodefortheGUIusedtocontrolthesolenoidvalveisprovidedasaseparatepdffile.
6.
SyringeSetupInordertocomparetheresponsetimeofoursystemwiththatofasyringesetup,weperformedadditionalbeadtrackingexperimentswithatwo-inletPDMSmicrochannel.
Forthesyringemeasurements,twoHamiltonGastightSyringes(Model1701,10Lvolume)weredrivenonthesameHarvardApparatusPHDprogrammablesyringepump,withpolyethylenefeedtubingSupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011(1/16"I.
D.
and1/8"O.
D.
)connectedtothedeviceviaplasticadapterunits.
ForthedatacollectedinFig.
4,thesyringepumpwasprogrammedsoastoalternatebetween1sofflowataprescribedflowrateand1sofstoppage.
ForthedatacollectedinTable1,thesyringepumpwasdrivenataprescribedflowratefor10minandthenmanuallystopped;thetimerequiredforsuspendedfluorescentbeadstocometoastopwasmeasured.
7.
CostEstimationTableS3.
Costestimationforthecompressed-airflowcontrolsystem.
Estimatesaregivenforversionsofthesystemcapableofcontrolling2,4,6,or8streams.
Marginalcostofaddinganadditionalstreamis~$90.
SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011FigureS3.
Costcomparisonbetweensyringe-basedandpressure-basedsystems.
Theeconomicadvantageofthepressure-basedsystemisparticularlyevidentinapplicationsthatrequirethecontrolofalargenumberofstreams.
8.
SupplementaryVideo1Real-timevideoshowingthemanipulationofsixcoflowinglaminarstreams.
Channelis38mtalland270mwide.
Darkstreams:30%PEG-DA,70%foodcoloring.
Lightstreams:30%PEG-DA,70%water.
9.
SupplementaryVideo2Video(0.
5Xreal-time)showingthegenerationofdropletsofdifferentsizes.
Dropletsizeismodulatedinacontinuousfashionbythegradualclosingofthereliefvalveconnectedtothedispersed-phasesamplearm.
Channelis33mtalland100mwide.
Dispersedphase:foodcoloring.
Continuousphase:mineraloil.
10.
SupplementaryVideo3SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011Real-timevideoshowingpulsedflowoperationinacompressed-airflowcontrolsystemfollowedbypulsedflowoperationwithasyringepumpsystem.
Channelis38mtalland270mwide.
Stream:0.
02%solutionof1.
6μmpolystyrenebeadsinPEG-DA.
11.
References[1]Gervais,T.
,El-Ali,J.
,Günther,A.
,Jensen,K.
F.
,LabChip.
2006,6,500-507.
[2]M.
M.
Denn,ProcessFluidMechanics,PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1stedn.
,1980.
Chapina,DanielC.
Pregibonb,DavidBaahc,TamaraM.
Floyd-Smithd,andPatrickS.
DoyleaaDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,USA.
bFireflyBioWorks,Inc.
,Cambridge,MA02139,USA.
cMaterialsScienceandEngineeringProgram,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088,USA.
dDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088,USA.
Authorscontributedequallytothiswork*e-mail:pdoyle@mit.
eduSupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry20111.
ChannelgeometriesFigureS1.
Schematicdepictingthefourtypesofchannelsusedinthisarticle.
Forthethreechannelsgeneratinglaminarcoflows,thedimensionswereallidentical;onlythenumberofinletsdiffered.
2.
EstimationofmaximumfluidvelocityThefollowingassumptionsweremadeintheestimation:1.
Newtonian,incompressible,fullydeveloped,andlaminarflows2.
Negligiblesurfacetensionbetweensolutions3.
Viscosityisthesame(65cP)inallinletflowstreams.
4.
Pressuredropoccursinnarrowinletchannels.
5.
NegligiblePDMSchanneldeformationforW(channelwidth)~H(channelheight)1BasicEquationsForlaminarflowinapipe,thevolumetricflowrateQisgivenbythefollowingequation2,Q=(1)Hydraulicdiameterofrectangulartubesisalsogivenbythefollowingequation2.
(2)wherea=widthofapipeandb=heightofapipe.
SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011TableS1.
InletgeometryforthechannelusedinFig.
2.
Width,W1Area,A1HydraulicDiameter,Dh,1Length,L150m1900m243m4000mEquationSetup2Qinlet=Qt(3)Umax=1.
5Uavg=1.
5(Qt/A2)=858*P(μm/s)(4)3.
BeadTrackingA0.
02%solutionof1.
6μmpolystyrenebeadsinPEG-DA700wasusedtomeasuremaximumfluidvelocity(Umax).
Thebeadvelocitywasmaximuminthecenterofthechannel,andmidwaybetweenthetwowalls.
Afteragivenpressurewasapplied,beadsinthecenterofthechannelwerefollowedwitha20Xmicroscopeobjective(Zeiss)withanoptivarsettingof2.
5Xleadingtoeffectivemagnificationsof50X.
MoviesoftranslatingbeadsweretakenbyaCCDcamerathatcapturedimagesattherateof30fpsusinganexposuretimeof1/500s.
Fromtheframe-to-framepositionofbeads,beadvelocitieswerecalculatedusingthecentraldifferenceapproximation.
TableS2.
ComparisonbetweenmeasuredandestimatedUmax.
P(Psi)MeasuredUmax(μm/s)(Frombeadtracking)EstimatedUmax(μm/s)(Fromequation(4))%Deviationfromtheestimation0.
559142937.
8%1.
095485811.
1%1.
5134412884.
4%2.
0180117174.
9%2.
52374214610.
6%3.
0269625754.
7%3.
5325230058.
2%4.
0364234346.
0%SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry20114.
Automationofpulsed-flowoperationFigureS2.
Schematicdescriptionoftheelectricalcircuitusedforautomatedcontrolofthethree-waysolenoidvalveviatheparallelportconnection.
AsimpleGUIwasconstructedusingPythontoallowtheusertocyclethisprocessautomaticallythroughthespecificationofaflowdurationandastoppageduration.
5.
ApythonscriptfortheautomationAsamplecodefortheGUIusedtocontrolthesolenoidvalveisprovidedasaseparatepdffile.
6.
SyringeSetupInordertocomparetheresponsetimeofoursystemwiththatofasyringesetup,weperformedadditionalbeadtrackingexperimentswithatwo-inletPDMSmicrochannel.
Forthesyringemeasurements,twoHamiltonGastightSyringes(Model1701,10Lvolume)weredrivenonthesameHarvardApparatusPHDprogrammablesyringepump,withpolyethylenefeedtubingSupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011(1/16"I.
D.
and1/8"O.
D.
)connectedtothedeviceviaplasticadapterunits.
ForthedatacollectedinFig.
4,thesyringepumpwasprogrammedsoastoalternatebetween1sofflowataprescribedflowrateand1sofstoppage.
ForthedatacollectedinTable1,thesyringepumpwasdrivenataprescribedflowratefor10minandthenmanuallystopped;thetimerequiredforsuspendedfluorescentbeadstocometoastopwasmeasured.
7.
CostEstimationTableS3.
Costestimationforthecompressed-airflowcontrolsystem.
Estimatesaregivenforversionsofthesystemcapableofcontrolling2,4,6,or8streams.
Marginalcostofaddinganadditionalstreamis~$90.
SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011FigureS3.
Costcomparisonbetweensyringe-basedandpressure-basedsystems.
Theeconomicadvantageofthepressure-basedsystemisparticularlyevidentinapplicationsthatrequirethecontrolofalargenumberofstreams.
8.
SupplementaryVideo1Real-timevideoshowingthemanipulationofsixcoflowinglaminarstreams.
Channelis38mtalland270mwide.
Darkstreams:30%PEG-DA,70%foodcoloring.
Lightstreams:30%PEG-DA,70%water.
9.
SupplementaryVideo2Video(0.
5Xreal-time)showingthegenerationofdropletsofdifferentsizes.
Dropletsizeismodulatedinacontinuousfashionbythegradualclosingofthereliefvalveconnectedtothedispersed-phasesamplearm.
Channelis33mtalland100mwide.
Dispersedphase:foodcoloring.
Continuousphase:mineraloil.
10.
SupplementaryVideo3SupplementaryMaterial(ESI)forLabonaChipThisjournalisTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2011Real-timevideoshowingpulsedflowoperationinacompressed-airflowcontrolsystemfollowedbypulsedflowoperationwithasyringepumpsystem.
Channelis38mtalland270mwide.
Stream:0.
02%solutionof1.
6μmpolystyrenebeadsinPEG-DA.
11.
References[1]Gervais,T.
,El-Ali,J.
,Günther,A.
,Jensen,K.
F.
,LabChip.
2006,6,500-507.
[2]M.
M.
Denn,ProcessFluidMechanics,PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1stedn.
,1980.
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