WEBSITE-TARGETEDFALSECONTENTINJECTIONBYNETWORKOPERATORSGabiNakibly1,2,JaimeSchcolnik3andYossiRubin21Technion–IsraelInstituteoftechnology2Rafael–AdvancedDefenseSystemsltd.
3IDCHerzliyaKNOWNEVENTSOFWEBCONTENTALTERATIONSomeISPsinthepasthavebeenspottedalteringtheircustomers'traffic:CMACommunicationsin2013Comcastin2012Mediacomin2011WOW!
in2008….
RogueadvertisementHOWTHEPRACTICEOFCONTENTALTERATIONWASSTUDIEDSeveralworksstudiedandanalyzedthispracticeE.
g.
NetalyzrHowpastworkmonitoredtraffictounearthcontentalterations:HOWTRAFFICWASMONITOREDINOURSTUDYWHATISOUT-OF-BANDCONTENTALTERATIONIn-bandcontentalteration:Out-of-bandcontentalteration:OUT-OF-BANDINJECTION–MODUSOPERANDI250bytessq#=0100bytessq#=250150bytessq#=350ourmonitoringpoint150bytessq#=350OUT-OF-BANDINJECTIONDETECTIONForgedbytessq#=350Validbytessq#=350TCPinjectionhasoccurrediftherearetwopacketsthathave:IdenticalIPaddressesandportnumbers,IdenticalTCPsequencenumber,But,havedifferentpayload.
THEINJECTIONEVENTSWediscovered14differentgroupsofinjectionevents.
AlmostallofthemwereinjectionstoChinesewebsites.
7injectiongroupsaimedtoaddrogueadvertisementstothewebsite.
5ofinjectiongroupshassomesortofmaliciousintent.
2injectiongroupsaimedtosimplyblockcontent(howeverisitnotcensorshiprelated).
INJECTIONEXAMPLE#1Thisinjectiongroupaimstoinjectrogueadvertisements.
Thisistheclient'sHTTPrequest:GET/core.
phpshow=pic&t=zHTTP/1.
1User-Agent:Mozilla/5.
0(WindowsNT6.
1;WOW64)Host:c.
cnzz.
comAccept-Encoding:gzipReferer:http://tfkp.
com/INJECTIONEXAMPLE#1(CONT.
)ThevalidHTTPresponse:TheinjectedHTTPresponse:HTTP/1.
1200OKServer:TengineContent-Type:application/javascriptContent-Length:762Connection:keep-aliveDate:Tue,07Jul201504:54:08GMTLast-Modified:Tue,07Jul201504:54:08GMTExpires:Tue,07Jul201505:09:08GMT!
function(){varp,q,r,a=encodeURIComponent,c=.
.
.
HTTP/1.
1302FoundConnection:closeContent-Length:0Location:http://adcpc.
899j.
com/google/google.
jsINJECTIONEXAMPLE#2ThevalidHTTPresponse:HTTP/1.
1200OKServer:nginx/1.
4.
4Content-Type:text/javascript;charset=UTF-8Transfer-Encoding:chunkedVary:Accept-EncodingExpires:-1Cache-Control:no-store,private,post-check=0…Pragma:no-cacheP3P:CP="CURaADMaDEVaPSAoPSDoOURBUSUNIINT….
JiaTag:de2a570993d722c94……Content-Encoding:gzipTheforgedHTTPresponse:HTTP/1.
1200OKDate:May,28Mar201214:59:17GMTServer:Microsoft-IIS/6.
0X-Powered-By:ASP.
NETPragma:No-CacheContent-Length:145Cache-control:no-cacheJiaThisisaChinesecompanythatprovidesasocialsharingtoolbar.
Arequestforaresourceatjiathis.
comresultsinthefollowing:AredirectiontoBaiduwithsearchterm"UNIQLO"'GPWA'INJECTION'GPWA'INJECTIONGPWA–GamblingPortalWebmastersAssociation.
Itrunsacertificationprogramtogamblingsites.
AsitethatmeetsthecertificationstandardgetstoshowanGPWAseal.
Thereareabout2500GPWAapprovedgamblingsites.
http://certify.
gpwa.
org/seal/online.
casinocity.
com/'GPWA'INJECTIONTheclient'sHTTPrequestis:GET/script/europeansoccerstatistics.
com/HTTP/1.
1Host:certify.
gpwa.
orgConnection:keep-aliveAccept:*/*User-Agent:Mozilla/5.
0(WindowsNT6.
1;WOW64)AppleWebKit/537.
36(KHTML,likeGecko)Chrome/44.
0.
2403.
107Safari/537.
36Referer:http://europeansoccerstatistics.
com/Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate,sdchAccept-Language:en-US,en;q=0.
8,he;q=0.
6'GPWA'INJECTION(CONT.
)Theinjectedresource.
Referstoqpwa.
orginsteadofgpwa.
org.
Thisisnotanattackbyanetworkoperator,butbyathirdpartywhoprobablycompromisedarouter.
Thevictimsoftheattackhasreportedlyhavebeenshownadsandspoofedaffiliatetags.
{vari=newImage();i.
src="http://qpwa.
org/q="+document.
referrer;l=localStorage;if((document.
referrer!
="")&&(document.
location.
hostname!
=document.
referrer.
split('/')[2])&&(!
l.
g)){c=document.
createElement('script');c.
src='http://certify.
qpwa.
org/script/'+document.
location.
hostname.
replace('www\.
','')+'/';document.
getElementsByTagName('head')[0].
appendChild(c)}l.
g=1;}WHOISBEHINDTHEINJECTIONSIngeneral,itisdifficulttounveiltheinjectingentitiesasthereisnoidentifyinginformationintheinjectedcontent.
wetriedtogetanindicationoftheiridentitybyidentifyingtheautonomoussystemfromwhichtheforgedpacketoriginated.
Sincetheinjectionswerenotreproducible,wecannotemploytheoft-usedtraceroute-likeproceduretolocatetheinjector.
WHOISBEHINDTHEINJECTIONS(CONT.
)Weusedaheuristicbasedontheforgedpacket'sIPTTLtotrackdownitssource.
ItisknownthatthedefaultinitialTTLvaluesofthemajoroperatingsystemsare32,64,128and255.
Iftheattackerusedoneofthosevalueswecancalculatehowmanyhopstheinjectedpackettraversed.
Forexample,ifaninjectedpacketarrivedattheclienthavingTTL=59,thenmostprobablyit'sinitialvaluewas64andittraversed5hops.
Giventhepathbetweentheserverandtheclientwecanpin-pointtheinjector'slocation.
ServerClientEstimatednumberofhopstraversedbytheforgedpacketPATHDETECTIONUSINGRIPEATLASHowever,wedonotknowwhatistheactualpathfromthewebservertotheuser.
Thereversepath(clienttoserver)canbetrace-routed,butInternetpathsarenotalwayssymmetric.
TosolvethisproblemweleveragedRIPEAtlas:AglobalnetworkofprobesthatmeasureInternetconnectivityandreachability.
UsingRIPEAtlaswetraceroutedthepathfromanodeintheASofthewebservertotheclient(whenthereisone).
Thisisstillanapproximationsincethatnodeinnottheactualwebserver.
THESUSPICIOUSAUTONOMOUSSYSTEMSOuranalysisindicatesthattheinjectorresideswithintheASoftheinjectedwebsite.
Usually2-5hopsawayfromthewebserver.
MostinjectionsaretriggeredfromChineseoperators.
CONCLUSIONSFollowingalarge-scalesurveyofInternettrafficwediscoveredthatnotonlyedgeISPsaltertrafficbutalsonon-edgenetworkoperatorsthataimtoincreasetheirrevenue.
Therewerenumerousincidentswithmaliciousintent.
Weproposeaclient-sidemitigationfortheattacksincaseHTTPScannotbeused.
Wepublishedsamplesoftheinjections.
搬瓦工怎么样?2021年7月最新vps套餐推荐及搬瓦工优惠码整理,搬瓦工优惠码可以在购买的时候获取一些优惠,一般来说力度都在 6% 左右。本文整理一下 2021 年 7 月最新的搬瓦工优惠码,目前折扣力度最大是 6.58%,并且是循环折扣,续费有效,可以一直享受优惠价格续费的。搬瓦工优惠码基本上可能每年才会更新一次,大家可以收藏本文,会保持搬瓦工最新优惠码更新的。点击进入:搬瓦工最新官方网站搬瓦工...
特网云官網特网云服务器在硬件级别上实现云主机之间的完全隔离;采用高端服务器进行部署,同时采用集中的管理与监控,确保业务稳定可靠,搭建纯SSD架构的高性能企业级云服务器,同时采用Intel Haswell CPU、高频DDR4内存、高速Sas3 SSD闪存作为底层硬件配置,分钟级响应速度,特网云采用自带硬防节点,部分节点享免费20G防御,可实现300G防御峰值,有效防御DDoS、CC等恶意攻击,保障...
ReadyDedis是一家2018年成立的国外VPS商家,由印度人开设,主要提供VPS和独立服务器租用等,可选数据中心包括美国洛杉矶、西雅图、亚特兰大、纽约、拉斯维加斯、杰克逊维尔、印度和德国等。目前,商家针对全部VPS主机提供新年5折优惠码,优惠后最低套餐1GB内存每月仅需2美元起,所有VPS均为1Gbps端口不限流量方式。下面列出几款主机配置信息。CPU:1core内存:1GB硬盘:25GB ...
acceptencoding为你推荐
路由routepresent37伺服器win7请仔细阅读在本报告尾部的重要法律声明netbios端口netbios ssn是什么意思?ipad连不上wifi苹果ipad突然连不上网了,是怎么回事?网络是好的,手机能上网。勒索病毒win7补丁由于电脑没连接网络,所以成功躲过了勒索病毒,但最近要联网,要提前装什么补丁吗?我电脑断网好久了win10445端口Win10系统开放端口号怎样查看?联通iphone4联通iphone4合约kb4012598win7怎么查看电脑是否安装了 ms17 010
北京网站空间 荷兰vps 高防直连vps 域名解析服务器 新加坡主机 好看的桌面背景大图 大容量存储 河南移动邮件系统 165邮箱 php空间推荐 域名转接 hkg 重庆双线服务器托管 申请免费空间和域名 秒杀品 主机返佣 阿里云邮箱登陆 测试网速命令 免费稳定空间 国外免费云空间 更多