uryundun

NotesIntroductionComplicationandDeferral1.
KMTinstitutionsofrepresentingChinawerepeculiar,involvingthoseofanation-stateengagingasapartnerintheColdWar(i.
e.
,thosethatderivedfromdecolonizationinChina)andacolonialapparatusthatsystematicallydevaluedTaiwanexceptasabaseforrecoveringthelostmetropole.
2.
ThissituationbearscomparisontoFaubion'sdiscussionofmetalepsisinAthens.
Faubion(1993:84)notesthatmonuments"wererobbedoftheirstatusaspara-gons,anessentiallyatemporalstatus,themorethattheyareexposedasrep-resentativesmerelyofatimepast.
Dated,transformedintometonymicshredsandpatches,theytendalltofallvictimsoonerorlatertowhatBloomspeaksofasmetaleptic'meta-reduction':thediminutionofatotalisticfigureintopar-tialityandpartitivity.
"Ratherthanconnectingthemetalepticacttoproblemsofmodernity,inthisworkIaminterestedinitsconnectiontopost-totalitariantransition.
3.
SeeDirlik(1994,1995),DirlikandMeisner(1989),Verderey(1996).
SeealsoBrenner(1997),Swyngedouw(2004).
4.
Inthisprocess,culturehasbecomeanobjectthatcannotbealocalproduction,evenifitpointstowardlocalities.
If,asMarshallSahlins(2000)haspointedout,cultureisnota"disappearingobject,"itnonethelesshidesacollectivehis-toryinwhichitscontemporarydeploymentsdiffer,inthenetworkstheyform,fromthosewhichweretheobjectofananthropologymorecomfortablewiththeterm.
5.
Curiously,thisclaimholdswhetherthetheoryinquestionispositivistorconstructivist.
6.
Inotherwords,minjianxinyangwasan"immutablemobile"(Latour1990).
7.
See,forexample,CallonandLaw1982;Latour1996b,1999,2000a,2000b;Law2002,LawandMol2002,Michael2000.
8.
Similarly,Latour(1996a)andThevenot(2002)havedemonstratedhowtechnicalprojectsgroupmultipleproblems,enrollingtheirrespectiveadvocatesastheyattempttoconvincethemthattheprojectformsaglobalsolutiontoaseriesoflocalproblems.
244Notes9.
AsTarde(1969)notedinhisalternativetoDurkheimiansociology,onlyonesideofanygivensubjectorobjectisavailabletocoordination,leavingothersides(orobjectpositions)abletoproliferate.
10.
HereitisgoodtorecallWagner'sdialecticofconventionalsymbolizationandobviation(Wagner1981).
11.
SeeMichael(2000)foradiscussionof"roadrager"and"couchpotato"ashybridsubjectscreatedforthepurposesofcritiqueandintervention.
12.
Latour'ssymmetry,whichcollapseshumanandnonhumanagency,mayobscuresomethingofanthropologicalinterest.
Idonotwishtorepeattheoft-heardobjectionthatonlyhumansgivemeaningtoobjects,thatonlyhumanshaveagencyorintention;rather,mycontentionisthatmuchworkgoesintohowtheseintentionsandpowersareinvestedandappear(orremainobscure).
Onewayoflookingatthisproblem,whichIattemptinchapter2,istonotetheshiftsinagencythatoccurintalkaboutimages:theworkneededfortheimageitselftohaveagencyversustheworkofmakingtheimagearepresentationofadeitywhointurnisanallegoryofvirtues.
13.
Marcus'smodelofcomplicityispromising,butelidessomeofthemosttrou-bling(andhencepromising)aspectsofcomplicity.
Forone,Marcusposesamodelinwhichtheethnographerremainsincontroloffieldworkdesign.
Hisdefinitionofethnographicprojectssituatestheethnographerasamonadicsub-jecttraversingpositionsinthenetworkwithnotransformationofpolitics,intent,oridentity.
Assuch,hismodeloffieldrelationshipsseemstorepro-duce,albeitfromadifferentsetofpremises,thesynopticvisionthatcriticsofLatourandCallonhaveperceivedinANT(LeeandBrown1994,Lynch1996,Strathern1996).
1HeatandNoise1.
Althoughthesetwoprocessesofreformhavedistincthistoriesanddivergingends,Iwillrefertobothas"post-totalitariantransitions.
"2.
Inthisregard,itisnotablethatthephrase"tosettleaccounts"(m:suanzhang)connotesfriendship-endingconflicts.
3.
SwornbrotherhoodisreminiscentoftheclassicnovelRomanceoftheThreeKingdomswhereitisrelatedtothecentralheroes.
4.
Theparodyisevenmoreseriouswhen,asinsomeversionsofthisnarrative,WhiteImpermanencedecidestoreturnhometofetchanextraumbrellaforBlackImpermanence,lesthisfriendcatchachillfromtherain.
5.
AsFernandez(1986:265)notesconcerningfolkparadesandkayakfestivalsinAsturias,Spain,itisinmomentswhenAsturianspresentthemselvesastheydonotreallybelievethemselvestobethatthequestionofwhattheycanbecomeisleftopen.
6.
Gell'sattempttoexplaindisequilibriatingritesandswingingdevicesasatthecen-terofarelationshipbetweennormalandabnormaltypesofsubjectivityinrelationtotheworld,however,begsthequestionastothenormalintegrationofactionsandtheirconsequences.
TheabnormalconditionsGellsoadmirablydescribesmaybe—andasIhopetosuggest,oftenare—marshaledtounderpin,orevenproduce,Notes245thevaluesonwhichthenormalrests.
VictorTurner's(1977)nowclassicworkonstructureandantistructureinritualisthusinstructiveinitsinsistencethat"gaps"instructurearecrucialpointsforitsreproductionandrepresentation.
7.
TheallusiontoDurkheimisintentional.
BradWeiss(personalconversa-tion)respondedtomytalkaboutnaojiat,callingitatypeof"autodidacticDurkheimianism.
"IaminclinedtoagreewithhimbutequallyinclinedtoinquirehowthisvernacularcriticisminformsethicalformationsthatdonotmapeasilyontoWesternconceptionsofmodernityoritsothers.
8.
Inintroducingthis"Rabelaisian"public,Iamattempting,likeSusanOssman(2002:75)to"analyzehowitisthatcertainspaceshavebeenadoptedasiconsofopeningepics,whileotherslessclearintheirdisentanglementofpublicandprivate,havebeenignored.
"2FabricationandCommitment1.
Lee'sarticleisreprinted,withcriticismfromPonkangMazuEducationalCommission(fundedbyPeikangChaotianTemple),inTsaiHsiang-hui,ed(1990a).
2.
In1987,theninthdayoftheninthlunarmonth,giveninhagiographyasthedateofMazu'sapotheosis,fellonOctober31.
3.
Thestateinstitutionalizescertainpowerrelationshipsintheformofaregime,yetitalsoconsolidatesitsrulethroughintensifyingthosepowerrelationshipsthatremainbeyondit,whichitmobilizesasdispositions.
Whatweobserveastheretreatofthestatefromcertainrealmsduringprocessesofposttotalitariantransitionisactuallytheworkofcomposingthosedispositionsasactual,auton-omous,andefficacious.
4.
Inhisworkonethics,Foucault(1990:26)definedethicalsubstanceasthepartoftheselfthatisconstitutedasthe"primematerialof[one's]moralconduct.
"Ihaveextendedthedefinitionofethicalsubstancetoincludeobjectsthatground(orcomplicate)theselfasanethicalsubject.
AsinTaiwanesepilgrimage,theseobjectsserveastheobjectofethicalpractices.
5.
StevenSangrenmakesthisargumentmostforcefullyinSangren(2000).
6.
Foradiscussionofblackboxing,seeLatour(1991,1999)andLaw(2002).
Theclaimthatrelationshipsbecomepartibleandsubjecttotransferthroughobjects,particularlyinexchange,isderivedfromthesociologyofMauss.
Seethediscus-sionofsuchprocessesinStrathern(1988:171–308).
7.
ThisdistinctionmirrorsConfucianideals,particularlyasfilteredthroughtheKMTmovementforculturalrenaissance.
Iamthankfultoananonymousreviewerofthischapterforpointingoutthissimilarity.
8.
Shedemonstratedherchoicebybecomingimprobablyheavy.
9.
Infact,severalMazutemplesinTaiwandohavesuchevidence.
Usuallythephotographisoftheentiretemplecomplextakenfromabeachbeneaththesite.
Thesephotographsdatefrom1910–1926.
Duringtheearly1920s,therewasanexplosionofTaiwanesepilgrimagestoMeizhou.
Thesepilgrimagesweregreatlydissimilarfromrecentones,however,aswewilldiscussinchapter6.
246Notes10.
AndbeyondMazucircles;see,forexample,theTaiwantelevisionspecialonTachia'spilgrimage(TaiwanTelevisionService1992).
TachiaZhenlanTempleisalsoinfamouslyengagedinKMTfactionalpoliticsinTaichungCounty.
11.
GuoJin-lan(1988:118)providesasimilarversionofthisnarrative.
12.
AsimilarstatementappearsinJiangandZhang(1988:52).
13.
In1987,reportsofmainlandfishingboatscomingwithinsightoflandand,inonecase,evenenteringTaichungharborraisedsuspicionsofactiveinvolvementofTaiwanesefishermeninsmugglingmainlandproducts,ontheonehand,andofmainlandattemptstotestTaiwan'sdefenses,ontheother(DeXia1987;LinMei-chung1987;HoJui-hsiung1987;PanFu-chien1987;HuangandJiang1987;YaoZhu-qi1987).
Mainlandfishermenengagedinwhathadbecomeamaritimeblackmarket(or,soclaimedsomeTaiwanesefishermen,amildformofpiracy)broughtwhathadbeenaverydistantneighborsuddenlyclose(LinMei-chung1987:7).
VignetteRememberingaMovement1.
Thisaccountofremovingpaperfrombigcharacterposterstoselltoarecyclerisastereotypicone,evenappearinginpost-Maoliterature.
3ReluctanceandConversion1.
Weller(1999)arguesagainstthismodel.
2.
Thepagodashavecometostandforthishistory,eventhoughthevisitsofthesetwomaritimeadventurersprecedetheconstructionofKaiyuanSi'sstonepago-dasbytwocenturies.
3.
ChenYunluoreportedinhis"RecallingantiquitiesinQuanzhou"(1982[1969]:34)thatin1938,whenheleftQuanzhouforSingapore,theforecourtofTianfeiGongstillretainedtheimageforlocalstoworship.
4.
ThereisstillreasontoacceptMalinowski'sdefinitionofmythascharter.
5.
InaworkontraditionalChinesepainting,WuHong(1996)hasfocusedonthescreenpaintingasoccupyingadominantposition.
AccordingtoWu(1996:10–14),Chinesepaintingfocusesonthecontradictionbetweenframing(hierarchical,met-aphoric,andhavingtodowiththeestablishmentofplacesandpoliticaldiffer-entiation)andpatterning(metonymic,continuous,contiguous,andrepetitive).
Moreover,thescreenas"mediumandrepresentation"posesthisproblemattheboundarybetweeninsideandoutside,privateandpublic(WuHong1996:134–139).
AlthoughWudoesnotmakethissuggestion,thescreencouldbeusefullyextendedasametaphorfortheChinesenotionofculture.
Thismetaphorseemsespeciallyfelicitousinthatitinsistsonthehybridmaterial-idealqualityofcultureasanobjectandatermthroughwhichcrisesofthepublicfigurecirculate.
6.
IamindebtedtoMaryScogginforpointingouttheroleofwritingasatokenthroughwhichliterarycommunityextendsandconsolidates.
7.
Taichiongiahimselfwasalsoinvolvedintheprocessofrestoration.
LinclaimsthatthestructurewasrestoredasitappearedinthelateMingbecausetheNotes247committeehadaskedTaichiongiathroughdivinationblockswhethertheycouldexpandthetemplestructure;Taichiongiarefused.
Moreover,Linagreedtojointherestorationeffortbecauseofapersonalrelationshipwiththedeity,involvingapersonalaccountofefficaciousresponse(whichIhaveagreednottodivulge).
8.
Thisinscriptionwasthe"StoneRecordofReconstruction"fromQingKangxi36[1698],alsoknownasthe"StoneRecordoftheBalinesePatron.
"SeeQingjiaoCijiTemple(1992:6–7;n.
d.
).
9.
AnotherwiseunremarkableaccountofTaiwanesepilgrimagetoMeizhou(LiDa1988:151)alsomentionselectrification:"Itwasuntil1987thatMeizhouhadelectricity;AsfortheroadtoWenjia[thesiteoftheferrytoMeizhou],itwasuntil1987beforeitwasanysortofroadatall.
Soonecanseetheinfluenceofthetempleontheentireisland'sdevelopment.
"10.
AwareofShiLang'sconnectiontoLukang,hehopedthatLukangTianhouGongwouldbeinterestedinrestoringthesite,addingthatofallsitesinPutian,Pinghaiwasofthemostvalue.
GiventhenegativeopinionmostTaiwanesepeo-plehaveofShiLang,onlyLukang,whereShiLangisatleastrespectedforhavingbroughttoLukangtheMeizhouFoundationMotherandwheretheShiareoneofthemostpowerfulsurnamegroups,wouldbelikelytofundrecon-structionofPinghai.
4ObjectsandInstitutions1.
AnothertempleinShishanassociatedwiththeresidenceofGuangzeZunWangbeforehisapotheosiswasincludedintheFengshanScenicDistrictAdministration.
TheGuanzeZunWangpilgrimagecircuitincludeshisfather'stomb,hisbirthplace,andFengshanSi.
Dean(1993)givesanhistoricalaccountofthedevelopmentofthispilgrimagecircuitinearlymodernChina.
2.
yijian;inChina,"opinions"canfellanypotentialproject.
Itisbestifbureau-cratsdonothavethem.
3.
TheTCRAandGuandiMiao'scommittee,althoughsharingmembers,arenotthesamebody.
Botharepara-stateorganizations,buttheTCRAismorecloselyalignedwiththestatethanthetemplecommittee.
TheTCRAwasestablishedin1985,threeyearsafterthecitygovernmentencouragedreappropriationoftem-plestructures.
Thatyear,theLichengDistrict,whichhadbeentheQuanzhoucitygovernment,wasreorganizedwithinthegreaterQuanzhoumunicipality.
Originally,therehadbeenareligiousaffairsbureauwithintheQuanzhoucitygovernment.
WhenthegreaterQuanzhoumunicipalitywasestablished,Lichengwasleftwithoutabureauadministeringreligiousaffairs.
Becauseitformedaccordingtonationalguidelinesgoverningreligion,thenewmunicipalbureauwasonlyconcernedwithBuddhisttemples,Islamicmosques,andChristianchurches,allbodieswithprofessionalclergy.
Therecouldbenoassociationwithinthereligiousaffairsbureautomanagefolkbelief,whichaccountedformostofQuanzhou'spopulartemples.
Inresponse,aretiredbureaucratfromtheUnitedFrontOfficewasassignedtoorganizetheTCRAalongwithothermembersoftheGuandiMiaocommittee.
248Notes4.
Inspiteofthisargument,theactualcompositionofTianfeiGongasamuseumhappenedbyaccidentratherthandesign.
Theculturalbureauacquiredthestructurebydefault.
In1981,restorationasamuseumseemedtheonlysafemeanstorestorethetemple.
Evenwithsupportofthecitygovernment,ittookthreeyearstobeginrestoration.
Itwas1987beforethesiteachievednationalrecognition.
5.
MorethanonecommitteememberatLukangTianhouGongtoldmethatonecouldconsiderthecurrentQuanzhouTianfeiGongsharedfromLukangonthebasisofoneofitsimagesandthepatternofdonation.
6.
SeeHatfield(2001).
7.
Ifcriticalofthesepolicies,wemustalsoinquireabouttheviolenceourliberalsoci-etyvisitsuponthosewhoseelectionisnotsufficientlyprivate(Faubion2001).
8.
BaoshengDadiandTaitooKongareother,morepopularnamesforWuZhenren.
5ItinerariesandStructures1.
Blount(1975)makesasimilarargumentconcerningdisputesconcerninggene-alogyinAfrica.
2.
Inhisdiscussionofritualperformance,WebbKeane(1997:20)hasobserved,"Indexesareofparticularimportanceinlinkingrepresentationstotheircon-textsandconditionsofpossibility.
Likethesignsofcharismaticauthority,theyseem'natural,'thatis,nottheresultofintentionalaction.
So,oneeffectmaybethatthemorenaturalasignofcharismaseems,themoreirresistibletheauthorityofitsbearer,totheextentthatpeopletakeittomanifestthatperson'srealessence.
Conversely,totheextentthatpeoplerecognizethatasignisasymbol,theymaybemorepronetoseekouttheintentionsandagencyofasignuser.
"3.
Thefourmodernizationsincludedmodernizationofagriculture,industry,tech-nology,anddefense.
4.
Atanyrate,suggestionsoftheeconomicroleoftourismonMeizhoucouldonlyremainimplicitintheabsenceoflargenumbersofTaiwanesepilgrims.
Instead,MeizhouBao'sreportsof"mainlandfever"(dalure)stressedthatTaiwaneseinterestinmakingvisitstoChinahaditsoriginsinthe"popularwill"(min-zhongyuanwang)ofTaiwanesecompatriots,nowfrustratedbyrestrictiveKMTpolicies("GuaDalu";"TaiwanChuxian";"TaiwanXingqi").
5.
Thesedimensionsbecomecleareroncewedecomposejiaotongintoitsconstit-uentmorphemes.
Jiaoreferstoawidevarietyofcontactsandcommunicationsamongpeople,includingthoseoffriendship,asinthetermsjiaopengyou,tomakeafriend;jiaopei,whichconnotessexualcoupling;orjiaoyi,contactsofacommercialnature.
Tongisfoundincompoundsincludinggoutong,mean-ingtocommunicateorconvey,andtongda,meaningtoarriveat.
6.
Unlikemostofthepilgrimswediscusshere,Chouisfromafamilyofpost-1949immigrants.
7.
LimiteddirectflightsbetweenTaiwanandChinaonlybeganin2008.
Notes2498.
In1987,thatmeanttravelthroughJapan.
Tachia'scommissionerswerecon-cernedthatKMTinterestsweretoostronglyfeltinHongKong.
Onlyin1988didHongKongemergeasthemostimportantpilgrim/touristhubbetweenTaiwanandChina.
9.
Taichung.
ThereaderwillrecognizethatIamgivingthenameofthehighschoolinitsJapanesepronunciationtostressthecontextofCheng'shighschooldays.
10.
SeeMargeryWolf(1972)foradiscussionofritualworkandlifestagesamongTaiwanesewomen.
11.
Ascyberneticsystems,theyoftentendtowardinstabilityasdifferencesprolifer-ateandsingularitiesfailtopullthesedifferencesbackintotheirorbit(Delanda2000).
6TechniquesandForgeries1.
Goffman(1981)definesfootingasaperson's"alignment"orprojectedselfinrelationshiptothatperson'swordsandthesurroundingsocialsituation.
InGoffman'swork,actorsdevelopandmanipulatefootingprimarilythroughspeech.
AlthoughGoffman'sworkoftenamplifiesanessentialselfbehindpre-sentation,decompositionofparticipantrolespermitsaninvestigationofhowpartsoftheselfbecomesubjecttoothers.
Indeed,Iwouldsuggestthatthepartoftheselfthatshiftsinfootingattenuatebecomesanethicalsubstance,thatpartoftheselfthatisthefocusofethicalwork.
2.
LaterLinwasalsocommissionedfortheconstructionofasimilarimageofBaoshengDadiatCijiEastTemple.
3.
Directcross-Straitstravelonlybecameapossibilityin2008.
7CuriosityandCommitment1.
IamindebtedtoHaroldHarotoonianforavividdescriptionofmodernisttime,whichstimulatedmythinkingontheKMTtimeofrecovery.
2.
HanPao-teleftthereconstructionprojectin1991amidrumorsofcorruption,leavingbehindangryeditorialsthatrebukedthepopulaceforalackofculti-vation.
Han'sinvolvementintheprojectspannedmorethan15yearsofplan-ningandpromotion.
HanbeganworkinLokkangin1973withafocusontheBuddhistTempleLongshanSi.
3.
TheZhongyuanreferstotheCentralPlainssurroundingtheYellowRiver,theur-locationofChinesecivilization.
4.
Usuallythese"fourethnicgroups"aredefinedasIndigenous,Hoklo,Hakka,and"NewTaiwanese,"meaningthoseChinesewhofollowedtheKMTtoTaiwanafter1949.
5.
HisfrequenttraveltoChinaandTaiwan'sthreatenedinternationalstatuscausedhimtochangehispoliticalpositionafterthe2000electionseason.
HenowholdsthatTaiwanandChinaarealreadysovereignstates,albeitdomi-natedbythesamemajorethnicgroup,andhenceshouldbeconsideredasingle"nation.
""Onenation,twostates,"hesaid.
6.
"Secretlyeating"or"stealingabite"couldalsomean"havinganaffair.
"Glossaryaiguo(patriotic)A-Ko(father'ssister)A-Po(mother'smother)baidehaowan(worshippingforfun)baofahu(explosivewealthhousehold,i.
e.
,nouveauriche)BaoshengDadibentu(native,nativesoil)bentuhua(nativist)bianzaolishi(fabricatedhistory)biokhao(templemouth)bogikhi(hasnosenseofrighteousness)butuodang(inappropriate)bunhoahengchhu(culturalinterest)CCP(ChineseCommunistParty)cheng(quiet,peaceful)chhamhiuN(participationinincense)chhiam(divinationpoem)chinhiuN(presentoradvanceincense,i.
e.
,pilgrimage)chhitia(gentlemanseven)chhittho(play,foolaround)chuanshuoganqing(legendarysentiment)chun-ahMa(boatmother)dalure(mainlandfever)Datong(theGreatUnity)diyuan(geographicalties)duoyuan(multiple,multicultural)eng(bravery,fiercevirility)fatong(legitimacy,authenticity,particularlyofapoliticalsort)fengjianmixin(feudalsuperstition)fuxingjidi(baseforrecovery)gaigekaifang(reformandopenness)gongdexin(civilconsciousness)gongfei(communistbandit)GPCR(greatproletarianculturalrevolution,culturalrevolution)252GlossaryGuangzeZunWanggunthangma(tong'anmother)guoyu(nationallanguage,i.
e.
,mandarinChinese)haijian(coastalconstruction)haixiahepingnüshen(goddessofpeaceacrosstheStraits)haoqi(curious,curiosity)henhaowan(veryfun)hiuNkhe(incenseguest,i.
e.
,pilgrim)hiuNkhi(incensepennant)hiuNtiao(incensenotice)hohiaNte(goodbrothers,i.
e.
,ghosts)hokhoaN(attractive)huiguizuguodehuaibao(returntotheembraceofthefatherland)huiniangjia(returningtomother'soldhome)jiao(ritualofcosmicrenewal)jiaotong(communications)jiguan(ancestralhome)jinbulai,zhubuxia,chibuliao,labubian,goubudao,xingbutong,chubuqu(officiallitanyaboutMeizhou)jincheng(humansentiment,reciprocity)jingshenqiaoliang(spiritualbridge)kaifa(develop,development)kengchu(masteroftheterritory)khaikong(opentheeyestoawakenanimage)khoaNnaojiat(watchnaojiat)KMT(Kuomintang,NationalistParty)kuahiuNkethoe(cuttingincenseandseparatingfires)laiwang(comingsandgoings,reciprocity)leng(generativeefficacy)leng(cold)leng(command)lengkhi(commandpennant)lengchhengchheng(coldandlonely)lenggiam(narrativeofefficaciousresponse)loliloso(loitering,hangingaroundforsomething)lookha(those"underthecenser")loochu(masterofthecenser)Maowei(maoistimposter,i.
e.
,PRCgovernment)mai("veins"ofancestryorgeomancy)Mazuwenhua(MazuCulture)meiyouwenhuashuiping(lackingculture,hasnoeducation)men(stifled,congested)mingyungongtongti(communityofshareddestiny,gemeinschaft)MinTaiTongYuan(MinnanandTaiwanShareOneSource)mixin(superstition)minjianpopular,civic)Glossary253minjianjiaoliu(popularinterchange)minjianxinyang(popularbelief)minjianxinyangdechongxinkaifang(reopeningorliberaliza-tionofpopularbelief)minjianzainao(stirredupbythepopulace)minnan(southernMin,i.
e.
,southeastFujian)minsudechuanqirenwu(legendarypersonageoffolklore)minzhongyuanwang()(popularwill)minzhuhua(democratization)mubushiding(cannottellafromb,illiterate)naojiat(hotandnoisy,crowdtime)naoqu(bustlingdistrict)neibuziliao(internaldocuments)NTZ(nationaltourismzone)ongiaoobotiong(blackimpermanence)oobinma(black-facedmother)pebotiong(whiteimpermanence)peya(gentleman8)PRC(People'sRepublicofChina)qinmin(closetothepeople)rentong(identify,identification,recognitionofidentity)ROC(RepublicofChina)saihui(competitiveassembly,templefestival)se(disposition,power)SEZ(specialeconomiczone)shehuizhuyijingshenwenming(socialistspiritualcivilization)shenyuan(divineties,religiousties)shishiyiyi(substantialmeaning)SiaNOng(efficaciousking,popularnameforGuanzeZunwang)suzhi(quality)Taibaobianchengdaibao(Taiwanesecompatriotsbecome"duh"wanesecompatriots)taima(firstmother)TaitooKongTaiwanwandanle(Taiwan'splayedout)tanqin(visitrelatives)taonaojiat,(compose,oraddto,naojiat)ThngsaN(TangMountain,i.
e.
,China)ti(body,subject)ti-yong(essence-utilitydistinction,asin"Chineselearningasessence")TiOngiatianxiaweigong(allunderheavenforthepublic)thohai("throwingoneselfintotheocean,"wanderingtomakealiving)unlengma(warmhill,i.
e.
,quanzhoumother)utanpoetaioanbi(Taiwanflavored)254Glossarywan(play,enjoy)wangben(forgetone'sroots)wangzu(forgetone'sancestors)wenhuacaichan()(culturalproperty)wenhuagucheng(ancientculturalcity)wenming(civilization,civilized)wulin(martialworld)wuyuanwenhua(cultureoffiveties)WuZhenrenyinshuisiyuan(whendrinkingwaterrememberthesource)xiangqiankan(forwardlooking,punswithlookingformoney)xiaotiao(desolate)xietiao(coordinate,coordination)xingqu(h:hengchhu)(interest)xiushen(self-cultivation)xungen(searchforroots,rootsearching)yaoji(venerateatadistance)youguandanwei(relatedunit)youqiubiying(allrequestswillbeanswered)zhengquedirenshishenhuadeshishiyiyi(correctlyrec-ognizethesubstantialmeaningofmythology)zhengxin(uprightheart/mind)zhengyi(senseofrighteousness)zhidao(guide,guidance)zhidaosixiang(guidingphilosophy)zhongxiaojieyi(loyalty,filialpiety,thrift,andrighteousness)zhonghuawenhuafuxingtuixingyundong(movementforChineseculturalrenaissance)zhu(host,subject,mainitemofimportance)zonghexing(comprehensive)zumiao(ancestralorfoundingtemple)zupu(ancestorbook,i.
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A-Sian,24,41,47,228,241actornetworktheory(ANT),12–13,116,185,244n13AiHai,156allegories,diffused,6–9alter-publics,21,89,92,96–100,103–104,110–112,124–125,131,152,160,180ambivalence,20,37–39,89,96,101–113,229–235,240AmoyUniversity,18–19,82,89–90,98,103,139,163,195,198Amoy,1,6,19,36,82,95,98–100,111,119,136,180,198,207,232Anagnost,Ann,7–8,125Anderson,Benedict,134Augé,Marc,239–240authorinterviewsandconversations:Cheng(patron),90–92,96–97,176–179,181Kho(imagecarver),237–238Lau(pilgrim),231–235Lin(historian),97Ma,Ms.
(templechair),105–109,112Song,81–83,89–90,95,198Su(patron),93–95Wang,Mr.
(templechiefofoperations),55–57,61,72Wang,Ms.
(donor),98–100,112Yang(patron),94–95Zheng(assistantmanageroftourismagency),104–105Bakhtin,Mikhail,26,33,45BaoshengDadi,90–94,98,100,136,139,248n8.
SeealsoWuZhenrenBarthes,Roland,45Bateson,Gregory,30BeFamilyAlleyChiheGong,92–93,95–96,110–112bentu,bentuhua(native,nativist)3,74,181,208,210–211Berger,Peter,10birthdaycelebrationsofMazu,36,70,168,170,200–201,206BlackFacedMotherimage(OoBinMa),62,80,238BlackImpermanence,37–40,244n4blackboxing,54,154,245n6Blount,BenG.
,248n1BoatMotherimage(ChunahMa),59,62Booth,Wayne,40boundaryobjects,12,152–155,160,166,180–181bravery(eng,iong),42–43Buddhism,29,49,62,82,90–92,95,98–100,112,115,133–134,194Burke,Kenneth,39CaiLihua,139Callon,Michel,12,123,244n13Index268IndexCanetti,Elias,33Catholicism,87,133CaveofApotheosis,60,62,77,161,163–165ChangHsuan,71ChangJung-fu,210ChangWen-ping,74ChaoMu-song,74ChaotianPavilion,61,163–166,169ChenCh'i-nan,211ChenChuicheng,132–133ChenGuoqiang,101–102,156,160,168ChenJia-lu,49ChenLai-hsing,223–224ChenTa-tung,66–67ChengChia-lu,200–201chhiam(divinationpoems),129–132,36,139ChiangChing-kuo,4,48,50,57–58,63–70,73–74,79,217ChiangKai-shek,4,6,48,62–63,65,67ChineseCommunistParty(CCP),65–66,91,134,218Chou(Taipeibusinessman,171–172),248n6chronotopes,26,32,43–44ChuKe-liang,222Chun,Allen,5,50,52CijiEastTemple,135,139,249n2civilorpopularinterchange(minjianjiaoliu),3,118,124,139,158commemorativestampofMazu,198,200–203competitivegatherings,30,32–36,40complication,complicityasaconditionof,11–15complicity:asaconditionofcomplication,11–15ethicsofdeferraldenotedby,15–17,143–149horizonof,209–211techniquesof,15,21,181–186,237useoftheterm,11–15,185constitutionalprotection,115contagiousmodesandideas:goodfortune,109misfortune,28,37–40,227naojiatand,44,70,135nostalgia,227palanquinsand,41valueproducedthrough,51corporatism,86–87criticalplanners,215,218–219,221–228cross-Straits:arttrade,82,95–96,111relationships,1–3,9,18,76,79,116,126,172,180travel,208,249n3crowds.
Seenaojiat(noisyhot)CulturalRevolution.
SeeGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution(GPCR)culturalism,219–228curiosity,177,214–215,227–233,237–240DeBernardi,Jean,34,37–38,41,51Debord,Guy,7deferral,ethicsof,15–17,143–149Deglopper,Donald,217Delanda,Manuel,13,249n11Deleuze,Gilles,13,15democratization,3,5,25,44,49,63–64,69,222,240DengXiaoping,8,86,117,156,171differentiatingdiscourse,49–56,62,71differentiation,161–162,165,186–189,194,246n5disputes,20,59–63,58,71,86,159–161,173,179–180,248n1cultureand,97–98imagesand,52–55rhetoricof,48–52,55,73Index269divinationpoems(chhiam),129–132,136,139Durkheim,mile,10,244n9,245n7efficaciousresponse(lenggiam,lingyan),41–42,51,101,104–107,110–111EightVirtues,66EighteenLords,78–79eng(bravery,fiercevirility),42–43ethics:ofdeferral,15–17,21,143–149,215,240Foucaulton,245n4oflocality,3,51,209–210,215,218,239naojiatand,37–39ofself-cultivation,98useoftheterm,15–16ethnography,11,16–19,147,240,244n13failure,Nationalistroutinizationof,3–6.
SeealsoNationalistParty(KMT)Farquhar,Judith,7,83,87Father'sSisterimage(A-Ko),58,60Faubion,James,86,243n2,248n7FengshanSi(temple),117–121,124,138–139,247n1Fernandez,James,244n5Feuchtwang,Stephan,30,37,51feudalsuperstition(fengjianmixin),8,90–94,108,118,136–139,143,157.
Seealsosuperstition(mixin)FilialSon'sNail(relic),63–64,67–70FirstMotherimage(TaiMa),62,199,204folkbelief.
Seeminjianxinyangfooting,185,194–195,210,249n1Foucault,Michel,15–16,245n4FoundationMothers(images):blackboxingand,54MeizhouFirstMother,62,199,204MeizhouFoundationMother(LukangSecondMother),52,55,58–63,79–80,187,247n10PonkangFoundationMother,48–49,79,128,164TachiaZhenlanGongThirdMother,174–175foundingtemple.
SeezumiaoFourModernizations,157,248n3Fox,Aaron,23FuJingxing,36Fujimura,Joan,12fuxingjidi(baseforrecovery),4,6,218,243n1gaigekaifang(reformandopenness),3,6,20,83,102,116–117,123,126,131,143–144,155,159,183,204,207Gell,Alfred,42,244n6Gellner,Ernest,134genderideologies,98,111–112GentlemanEight,37–38.
SeealsoBlackImpermanenceGentlemanSeven,37–39.
SeealsoWhiteImpermanenceghostmonthrituals,35GoddessofPeaceAcrosstheStraits(Mazu),157,163,165–166,196,198Goffman,Erving,185,249n1GreatProletarianCulturalRevolution(GPCR),59–60,66,77,82–83,87–89,96–97,101–102,105,107,122,207Greisemer,James,12,152GroomingTower,163,165GuangzeZunWang,117,119,247n1Guattari,Félix,13GuoJin-lan,72–73,175,246n11270IndexGuoRuiming,118GuoYouwen,156Habermas,Jürgen,26,44–45Hacking,Ian,3,9,12,16HanPao-te,214,220–221,249n2Handler,Richard,134Hanks,William,185Harotoonian,Harold,249n1Hart,Gillian,258Hastrup,Kirsten,19Herzfeld,Michael,35–36,213historicalreconstruction,approachesto,219–225historicalverification,49–52,59,161–165Hoklo,13,23,38,47,79,137HongKong,6–7,75,122,171,207,249n8HouRenzhi,169HowtoHavetheBestTime,144–146Howell,Jude,87HsiaoHsin-huang,74HuangBingyan,124,126HuangMei-ying,30,71,73,191HuangTianzhu,137Hutcheon,Linda,40images:blackboxingof,54commemorativestampofMazu,198,200–203disputesand,52–55enrollmentand,58ethicalcontoursoftruthand,52–55giantMazuatMeizhou,163,165–166,196–204new,195–209stolen,58–63Seealsoindividualimagenamesincense,12–14,41,58–63,70–73,78–79,89–90,106–109,Z129–132,176–181,188–195,202–204,230,236incensecenser,50,90,128,176,189incenseguests,13,162–164,177,181,187–188,192,200,203–204InconstantUncle,37–38,40.
SeealsoWhiteImpermanenceindigenization,3,74JiangSu-hui,59,61,77,118,246n12,246n13JiangWeidan,104,183,198jiao(ritualofcosmicrenewal),33–35,40,248n5jiatong(communications),166,248n5jincheng(renqing,humansentiment,reciprocity),25,35.
SeealsoreciprocityJohnson,Marshall,5,79Jullien,Franois,184Kaplan,Martha,249karaoke,1,23,34,82,110,117,145,146,177Keane,Webb,248n2Kelly,John,249KingofHell,37–38Kipnis,Andrew,36Kockelman,Paul,185KuWeifu,217Kuanyin,91,98,133LaiJing-chao,65Latour,Bruno,11,13,243n8,244n12–13Law,John,12,14–15,33,116,159LeeHsien-chang,48–50,245n1LeeTeng-hui,4,33,63–64,214,221,234Lefebvre,Henri,41leng(cold),29leng(command),188–189lengpennants,188–189Index271lenggiam,lingyan(efficaciousresponse),41–42,51,54–57,101,104–107,110–111lengchheng(coldandlonely),28,162LiPi-hsien,61LiWeisi,163LiaoLanquan,138LinChun-yuan,74LinMo-niang,55,59,164.
SeealsoMazuLinQiqian,126LinQiquan,126,158LinWenhao,104,157–158,197–203LinYinxin,140Litzinger,Ralph,8LiuKang,87LiuSu-yu,74LongYao,74"LovingCareoftheMotherCountry,The"(poster),2Lozada,Eriberto,87Luckman,Thomas,10Lukang:Historical,214–226HongthianTemple,217,234,238–239KMTculturalrenaissanceand,217–219LunahTengneighborhood,241migrationandreconstructionin,216–217planningand,213–216rotin,213–215TianhouTemple(TianhouGong),53,59–61,75–76,126–127,161,164–165,176–178,186–187,208,227,238,247n10,248n5LukangTime,214–215,221,223–224,226,228,241MacIntyre,Alasdair,16,147MandarinChinese,4,17,38,62,92Maowei(Maoistimposters),65Maoism,1–2,9–8,65–66,74,197,207Marcus,George,18,244n13marketplaces,31–32martiallaw:Chinesetraditionduring,64cross-Straitsrelationshipsduring,1–2culturalanxietyduring,214–215endof,2,73–74,78,214KMTinstitutionsand,219–220lateeraof,215,219TemporaryProvisionsof,220truthandcommitmentduring,48,63MasteroftheCenser(loochu),14,93,112,188,190–191,217McGinn,Michelle,12,152MeizhouBao,102,155,200,202,248n4MeizhouMazuAncestralTemple(zumiao),33–34,59–61,101–104,124,131,151–152,155–156,159–169,175–176,178–180,193,199,202,204–206,209MeizhouMother(image),62,77,80,175,199,238metrorailsystem(MTR),25–26Mingdynasty,88,97,125,168,246n7Miniaturesproject,MazuWorldof,204–209minjianjiaoliu(civilorpopularinterchange),3,118,124,139,158minjianxinyang(folkorpopularbelief):ambivalenceand,101–113asaboundaryobject,12,152–155,160,166,180–181coordinationattemptsand,117,123–141interferenceand,101–113objectpositionsof,21272Indexreligionand,132–136syncretismof,133astourism,138–141valueof,136–137minzhuhua(democratization),3.
SeealsodemocratizationMovementforChineseCulturalRenaissance,50,60,64–67,74–75,179,190,194,214–218,237,245n7Mueggler,Erik,87Munn,Nancy,51Myers,Fred,153naojiat(noisyhot):activistsand,46agencyand,46anthithesesof,27–29atmosphereof,25asachronotope,26,32,43–44competitivegatheringsand,30,32–36,40compositionoftimeand,27contagiousideasand,44,70,135vs.
crowds,27asculture,45dangersof,36–37deitiesand,148emotionalvalueof,25–26enrollmentand,46GPCRas,82–83historicalverificationand,50indeterminacyand,32,36–37,39ironyand,30–33,40,44–45khoaNnaojiat(watchnaojiat),39–40inmarketplaces,31–32Mazu'sbirthdayas,70asmetacommunicative,30moralambiguityand,37–39planningand,35–36photographyand,169–170potentialfor,36socialrelationshipsand,29–30truthproductionand,79uniformsand,187–188useoftheterm,20,23–24valueand,21,128–129,149,187NationalBuddhistAssociation,115,134NationalDay,69,145–146NationalistParty(KMT):antisuperstitioncampaignsof,35,45China'sUnitedNationsslotfilledby,4ChineseCulturalRenaissanceof,50,60,64–67,74–75,179,190,194,214–218,237,245n7nationalrecoverynarrativeof,4,6,64,219,233routinizationoffailureof,3–6,64–65,73,214,216searchlightsof,2NationalTourismandVacationZones(NTZ),156,159–160,164–167,170,205–208NgTiongbo,229–230,233NgTiongeng,230,233–234objectpositions,12–14,21,51,60,116,123,125–126,130,141,152–154,163,180,244n9OceanicChinahypothesis,6Ongia,37,78,90,93–95,111,236Ossman,Susan,245OverseasChineseAffairs,93–96,99–100,110–111,118–122,125–126,135palanquin,24–26,35,41–46,60,76,108,175,187,189,238para-stateorganizations,7–8,20,85,97,117–124,147,167,172,183,192,247n3Index273patronsoftemplereconstructions,7,20,85–101,106,109–112,115,118–122,148PeikangChaotianTemple(PeikangChaotianGong),48–49,63–64,67–75,163,217pennants,13,179,188–189People'sPoliticalConsultativeConference(PPCC),101–103,107,112,133,157–160,163,165,171–174,197,200–203,108People'sRepublicofChina(PRC),entranceintoUnitedNationsof,4,65,79photographs:57,62,100,127–128,151–152,164–165,169–170,176,178,202–203,228,231,241,245n9popularinterchange,3,118,124,139,158.
posters,2,35,81–82,246n1practicesandvirtues,16–17,146–149Price,Huw,54publicaction,26,43–44,83publicfigures,83–85,92,100,112,246n5publicspace,4,6–9,82–85,119,138,141,221–222,225Qingdynasty,48–49,59,66,103,216QingjiaoEastTemple,93–94,98–100Quanzhou:FumeiGong,121,124,236–237HuaqiaoGong,98,122,135KaiyuanSi,88–89,138,170,230,246n2TianfeiGong,88,123–133,138,174,246n3,248n4–5TaoistCultureResearchAssociation(TCRA),19,98,121–123,131–132,135–137,237,247n3TongweiGuanyueTemple(GuandiMiao),119,122–123,131,247n3QuemoyIslands,1–2,89–90,172–173QuemoyTonganMotherimage(GunthangMa),62reappropriationoftemplesitesandstructures,7,18,85–87,100,119,122,247n3reciprocity,25,35–36,38,40–41,45,203–204reformandopenness(gaigekaifang),3,6,20,83,102,116–117,123,126,131,143–144,155,159,183,204,207RelationshipofTaiwaneseFolkBeliefandChineseCulturalRenaissance,The,66religiousaffairsbureaus,86,115,247n3renqing(humansentiment),25,36,95Riles,Annelise,15RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(novel),34,231–232,244n3rootsearching(xungen),76,86,118,138–140,147–149,180,210rotandarchitecture,213–215Roth,Wolff-Michael,12,152routinizationoffailure,3–6,64–65,73,214,216.
SeealsoMovementforChineseCulturalRenaissancerushhourbuses,27–28Sahlins,Marshall,243n4Sangren,Steven,14,24,35–36,41,51,191,227,245n5schooltextbooks,4,220,235Scoggin,Mary,246n6screenpaintings,246n5screen,cultureasa,90–96,100,122SecondMotherimage(LukangMeizhouFoundationMother),274Index52,55,58–63,79–80,187,247n10Shang,Xiaoyuan,87Shenzhen,6ShiLang,59–60,79,103,247n10ShiYouyi,101ShihWen-pin,218ShishanTownship,117–120,139SiaNOng,119.
SeealsoGuangzeZunWangSilvio,Teri,47sincerity,16,25,38–44,57,64,144,148–149,153–154,173,177–178,184,186,191–192,202–203,209–211,215,229Songdynasty,237SongHulin,205–206SongTse-lai,216specialeconomiczones(SEZ),6,143,156,164Stafford,Charles,30,35,50Star,Sarah,12,152SuMinghui,139SuShi,2331"subjectsandobjects,"languageof,12–13superstition(mixin),50,55–58,67,85–87,130–132beliefand,55–56TachiaTainhouTemple,72TachiaZhenlanTemple(TachiaZhenlanGong),33–35,50,71–80,151TaichiongiaTemple(TaichiongiaBio),82,96,246–247n7TaitooKong,94,136–137,248n8.
SeealsoWuZhenrenTaiwan:asBaseforMainlandRecovery,4,6,218,243n1incorporatedintotheJapaneseempire,4"miracle"economyof,5,48,231asplayedout,47–48,79–81"return"toChina,4Taiwanesecompatriots,68,108,122–123,138,162,197–198,202–203,248n4Tangdynasty,122,237TangMountain(ThngsaN),111,227,235TangXiaoke,157Tang,Xiaobing,8Taoism,62,98,115–116,121–122,131–138,145,194TaoistCultureResearchAssociation(TCRA),19,98,121–123,131–132,135–137,237,247n3Tarde,Gabriel,244n9temples.
SeeindividualtemplesThevenot,Laurent,116,152,243n8TiOngia,93,228TiananmenSquare,168–169TongweiGuanyuTemple,119tourismandtourists:bureaus,115,125,133,140,159,171–172,174,193,195,205–208,221infrastructures,138–141minjianxinyangas,138–141TsaiHsiang-hui,49,64,68,70,245n1Tschumi,Bernard,213,219uniformsofpilgrims,179,186–189unifyingdiscourse,49–57,62–63,68–75,184–186UnitedFrontBureau,86,118,120–121,125,133,171–172,237,247n3Vico,Giovanni,10virtues:ethnic,57,67,136,147,183national,69practicesand,16,146–149.
SeealsoEightVirtuesIndex275Wagner,Roy,244n10wan(play,enjoy),47,144–148WanWeisheng,202WangMingming,36WangMo-lin),77Wank,David,86WarmHillMotherimage(UnlengMa),62Warner,Michael,45,134Weiss,Brad,245n7Weller,Robert,37,78–79,112,246n1WhiteImpermanence,37–40,244n4White,Gordon,8,87Wittgenstein,Ludwig,10Wolf,Margery,58,249n10Woolgar,Stephen,152WuHong,92,169,246n5WuHsiang,163WuHsien-chung,63WuLiangyong,169WuZhenren(BaoshengDadi),19,90–94,98,100,135–139,147,248n8XiangHongxia,145–146xinyang(belief),55–56YanYa-ning,221Yan,Yunxiang,36YangZhenhui,206YaoTianji,156–157YuZhong,102YunlinJubaoGong,162,180–181Zeng,Xiuhua,139ZhangGuo-li,59,61,77,246n12Zhangzhou,49,96,145,232–233ZhengGuodong,119ZhouLifang,136,138ZhuHepu,197–199ZhuTianshun,103,183,198–199Zumiao.
SeeMeizhouMazuAncestralTemple