革命海瑞网

'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINPersonal,SocialandHumanitiesEducation(PSHE)KeyLearningArea:NSSHistory(CompulsoryPart)TWENTIETH-CENTURYCHINA:MODERNIZATIONANDTRANSFORMATIONCDI020081438(8June-8July2009)AlfredH.
Y.
Lin(Ph.
D.
)HonoraryAssociateProfessor,SchoolofHumanities(History),HKULecture6Fromthe"StrugglebetweenTwoLines"tothe"CulturalRevolution":China'sEffortsandSetbacksinitsQuestforModernizationinthe1960sand1970s1.
Originsofthe"strugglebetweentwolines"「條線的鬥爭」:formulationoftheso-called"LiuShaoqiline"「少奇線」(1961-1962)1.
1Policiesformulatedaccordingtothe"eight-characterprinciple"of"readjustment,consolidation,fillingoutandraisingstandards"Financialretrenchment:reducingstateinvestmentincapitalconstruction1960:38.
9billionyuaninvestment;8billionyuandeficit1961:7.
1billionyuaninvestment;1billionyuansurplusPromotionofindustry:Closingdownsub-standardenterprises(25,000in1961and18,000in1962)andresettlingurbanworkersinthecountryside(10millionin1961and20millionin1962)Stressingmaterialincentives,theroleofexperts,andqualityinproduction1'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINPromotionofagriculture:RaisingruralconsumptionstandardsAchievingsustainedgrowthinagriculturethrough"de-collectivization":1.
ReducingthesizeofthecommunesDecember1958:24,000communes(5,000householdspercommune)1964:74,000communes(1,620householdspercommune)2.
Affirmingthethree-levelsystemofownership,withtheproductionteamasthebasicaccountingunit3.
Implementingthepolicyofthe"fixingofoutputquotasbasedontheindividualhousehold"(baochandaohu「包產到戶」)4.
Implementingthepolicyofthe"extensionofplotsforprivateuse"(ziliuyudi「自餘地」)5.
Implementingthepolicyofthe"extensionoffreemarkets(tradefairs)"(ziyoushichang「自由巿場」)6.
Implementingthepolicyof"theincreaseofsmallenterpriseswithsoleresponsibilityfortheirownprofitsorlosses(zifuyingkui「自負盈虧」)[#3-6collectivelyreferredtoas"threeselfsandonecontract"(sanziyibao「三自一包」)Raisingofeducationalstandards:emphasizingregular,full-timeeducationand"key"schools「重點」學校Rectificationofthelopsidedemphasison"redness"「紅」attheexpenseof"expertise"「專」:emphasizingtheroleofprofessionalsRiseofcriticismsamongPartyintellectualintheearly1960s:DengTuo鄧;WuHan吳唅;LiaoMosha廖沫沙;"NotesfromaThree-FamilyVillage"〈三家村札記〉,Frontline《前線》Appearanceof"middlecharacters"「中間人物」inpost-Leapnovels1.
2Politicalstrugglesinthecourseofformulating"readjustment"policiesJanuary1961:9thPlenumofthe8thCCPCC中共八屆九中全會PartyCenterendorsed"eight-characterprinciple"Mao:"make1961ayearofseekingtruthfromfacts"「搞一個實事求是」May-September1961:PartyCenterpassed"readjustment"policies2'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN"60ArticlesonPeople'sCommunes"《人民公社60條》"40ArticlesonCommerce"《商業40條》"35ArticlesonHandicraftIndustry"《手工業35條》"18ArticlesonForestry"《業18條》"14ArticlesonScience"《科研14條》"8ArticlesonLiteratureandArt"《文藝8條》"70ArticlesonIndustry"《工業70條》"60ArticlesonHigherEducation"《高教30條》January-February1962:EnlargedWorkConferenceoftheCCPCC中共中央擴大工作會議(The7,000-PersonConference七千人大會):viewsarticulatedbyLiuShaoqi,MaoZedong,ZhouEnlai,DengXiaoping,ChenYun,PengZhen,andLinBiaoLateFebruary1962:EnlargedMeetingofthePolitburoStandingCommittee中央政治局常委擴大會議(MeetingintheWestBuildingatZhongnanhai西會議):LiuandDengendorsedthe"responsibilitysysteminagriculture"農業生產責任制August1962:BeidaiheWorkConference戴河工作會議Maocriticizedthe"responsibilitysysteminagriculture";raisedthreequestionsconcerning(1)classes,(2)thegeneralsituation,(3)contradictions;pointedtothecontinuedexistenceofclasscontradictions;equated"Rightopportunism"「右傾機會主義」with"revisionism"「修正主義」September1962:10thPlenumofthe8thCCPCC中共八屆十中全會Mao:"Neverforgetclassstruggle"「要忘記階級鬥爭」;"Itisimperativetotalkaboutclassstruggleeveryyear,everymonth,andeveryday"「階級鬥爭必須講,月月講,天天講」Existenceof"smallproducers'spontaneouscapitalisttendencies"「小生產的自發資本主義傾向」Criticizedthreefoul"winds":1.
The"windofseeingthecurrentsituationasentirelydark"「黑暗風」("Rightdeviations"「右傾」)3'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN2.
The"windofpracticingindividualfarming"「單幹風」("takingthecapitalistroad"「走資本主義道」)3.
The"windofcallingforthereversalofpreviousverdicts"「翻案風」("classstruggleintheideologicalsphere"「意形態方面的階級鬥爭」)2.
MaoZedong'sStrategicDispositionsandtheWideningofSchismswithintheParty(1963-1965)2.
1StrategicdispositionI:launchingtheSocialistEducationMovement社會主義教育運動(alsocalledthe"FourClean-UpsMovement"「四清運動」)Late1962-early1963:experimentsinruralrectification"checkingupofaccounts,warehouses,propertyandworkpoints"「清帳目、清倉庫、清財物、清工分」May1963:MaoZedongissued"TheDraftDecisionoftheCCPCConCertainProblemsinOurPresentRuralWork"《中共中央關於目前農村工作中干問題的決定(草案)》("FormerTen-PointDecision"《前十條》)September1963:DengXiaopingandPengZhenissued"TheDraftRegulationsonSomeSpecificPoliciesintheSocialistEducationMovementintheRuralAreas"《中共中央關於農村社會主義教育運動中一些具體政策的規定(草案)》("LaterTen-PointDecision"《後十條(草案)》)May-June1964:Maopointedtotheexistenceof"revisionism"inChina":"leadershipinroughlyone-thirdofthegrassrootsunitsinthecountryisnotinourhands"「全國基層有三份之一的權在我們手.
」September1964:LiuShaoqiissued"RevisedLaterTen-PointDecision"《後十條(修正草案)》December1964:Maoputforwardtheconceptofa"bureaucraticclass"「官主義者階級」and"leaderstakingthecapitalistroad"「走資本主義道的導人」January1965:Maoissued"SomeCurrentQuestionsRaisedintheSocialistEducationMovementintheRuralAreas"《農村社會主義教育運動中目前4'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN題出的一些問題》("23-PointDocument"《二十三條》)"Fourclean-ups"「四清」:"cleaningthingsupinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,organizationandideology"「清政治、清經濟、清組織、清思想」2.
2StrategicdispositionII:launchingarectificationcampaignintheideologicalsphereMaoorganizedateamoftheoreticians:JiangQing江青,ChenBoda陳伯達,KangSheng康生,ZhangChunqiao張春橋,YaoWenyuan姚文元,GuanFeng關鋒,QiBenyu戚本禹May1963:JiangQingcriticizedtwokunquoperas昆曲:《慧娘》,《有鬼無害》September-December1963:MaocriticizedtheMinistryofCulture文化部「文化部管文化,封建的、帝王將相的、才子佳人的東西很多,文化部管.
」「如改變,就改名帝王將相部、才子佳人部、或者外國死人部.
」Secondhalfof1964:expansionoftherectificationcampaignCriticismofFengYoulan馮友(philoshoper),LiuJie節(historian),JianBozan翦伯贊(historian),SunYefang孫冶方(economist),YangXianzhen楊獻珍(Marxisttheoretician)ControversyoverMarxistphilosophy:YangXianzhen's"twocombineintoone"「合二而一」versusMaoZedong's"onedividesintotwo"「一分為二」March1965:DengXiaopingandLiuShaoqiproposedto"stop[rectification]byapplyingthebrake"「剎」;Maosaidsomepeoplehadformed"cliques"「小集團」and"independentkingdoms"「獨王國」November1965:YaoWenyuancriticizedWuHanin"CommentontheNewHistoricalPlayHaiRuiDismissedfromOffice"〈評新編史劇《海瑞罷官》〉,whichwasthepreludetothe"CulturalRevolution"「文化大革命」2.
3StrategicdispositionIII:steppingupcontroloftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy(PLA)中國人民解放軍1963:launchingofthe"learnfromthePLAcampaign"「學習解放軍運動」5'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN1964:governmentandpartyorganssetuppoliticaldepartments政治部modeledonthePLA1965:PLArevertedtoRedArmy(guerrilla)tradition;victoryofLinBiao(defenceminister)overLuoRuiqing瑞卿(chief-of-staffofthePLA)February1966:LinBiaomadeJiangQingtheofficialculturaladviserofthePLA;formationofthe"Mao-Jiang-Lin"coalition3.
MaoZedong'sviewsconcerninganumberofissuespriortohislaunchingofthe"CulturalRevolution"Mao'sviewconcerningthefailureofthe"GreatLeapForward"Mao'sviewconcerningthepragmatistsheadedbyLiuShaoqiMao'sviewconcerningthequestionofsuccessionMao'sviewconcerningChina'srapideconomicrecoveryin1963-1965Annualrateofgrowthofindustryandagriculture:15%Annualrateofgrowthofindustry:18%Annualrateofgrowthofheavyindustry:15%Annualrateofgrowthoflightindustry:21%Annualrateofgrowthofagriculture:12%MaosingledoutDazhai大寨asmodelforagricultureandDaqing大慶asmodelforindustry("twoparticipations,onechangeandthreecombinations"「、一改、三結合」)Mao'sviewconcerningthe"capitalistclass"inthemid-1960s1.
Ex-capitalists,ex-landlords,ex-richpeasants2.
Intellectualsallegedtobeunderbourgeoisinfluence3.
Smallproducersharbouring"spontaneouscapitalisttendencies"4.
Anew"bureaucraticclass"5.
"Leaders(power-holders)takingthecapitalistroad"(N.
B.
:PoliticalcampaignsinsocialistChinawereasaruletargetedattheso-called"fivecategoriesofBlackelements"「黑五」(i.
e.
,"landlords,richpeasants,counterrevolutionaries,badelementsandRightists「地(主)、富(農)、反(革命分子)、壞(分子)、右(派)」)6'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN4.
The"CulturalRevolution":politicalstrugglesintencalamitousyears(1966-1976)4.
1Thefirstroundofpoliticalstruggles:the"Mao-Jiang-Lin"coalitionversustheso-called"capitalistroaders"「走資派」(November1965-April1969)November1965:publicationofYaoWenyuan's"CommentontheNewHistoricalPlayHaiRuiDismissedfromOffice",Wenhuibao《文匯報》(Shanghai),whichtriggeredoffanacademicdebateontheplayMarch1966:MaoZedongturnedtheacademicdebateintoapoliticalstruggleagainstWuHan,DengTuo,andLiaoMosha(theso-called"three-familyvillage")May1966:conveningoftheEnlargedPolitburoMeeting中央政治局擴大會議andpassageofthe"May16Circular"《五一通知》PengZhen彭真,LuoRuiqing瑞卿,LuDingyi定一,YangShangkun楊尚昆purgedasan"anti-partyclique"「反黨集團」EstablishmentoftheCentralCulturalRevolutionGroup(CCRG)中央文(化)革(命)小組:ChenBoda陳伯達,KangSheng康生,JiangQing江青,ZhangChunqiao張春橋AffirmationofMao's"theoryofthecontinuousrevolutionunderthedictatorshipoftheproletariat"「無產階級專政下繼續革命的」LateMay1966:CCRGpromptedradicalteachersandstudentsinBeidatouse"big-characterposter"「大字報」tocriticizeLuPing平(chancellorandsecretaryofpartycommitteeofBeida)RedGuards「紅衛兵」appearedinBeijing(firstinthemiddleschoolattachedtoQinghuaUniversity清華附中1June1966:Renminribaopublished"SweepAwayAllDemonsandMonsters"〈橫掃一牛鬼蛇神〉,whichcalledforthedestructionof"oldideas,oldculture,oldcustomsandoldhabits"「舊思想、舊文化、舊風俗、舊習慣」LiuShaoqisent"workteams"「工作組」toschoolstorestoreorder1-12August1966:conveningofthe11thPlenumofthe8thCCPCC中共八7'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN屆十一中全會andtheofficiallaunchingofthe"CulturalRevolution"MaocriticizedLiuShaoqiforhisactof"suppressingthestudentmovement"「鎮壓學生運動」;"workteams"evacuatedfromschoolsMaowrote"BombardtheHeadquarters—MyOwnBig-CharacterPoster"〈炮打司部--我的一張大字報〉andreferredtotheexistenceofa"bourgeoisheadquarters"「資產階級司部」inthePartyCenterPassed"DecisionsoftheCCPCContheGreatProletarianCulturalRevolution"《關於無產階級文化大革命的決定》(the"Sixteen-ArticleDecision"《十條》)Mid-August-endofDecember1966:riseoftheRedGuardMovement「紅衛兵運動」(Maoreceived13millionRedGuardsoneightoccasions)1.
August-September:ascendancyofthe"official-sponsoredRedGuards"「官辦紅衛兵」;"destroyfourolds"「破四舊」;"exchangeofrevolutionaryexperience"「大」prevalenceofthe"bloodlinetheory"「血統」andthenotionof"bornRed"「自紅」(「子英雄兒好漢,子反動兒混蛋,基本如此.
」)CategorizationofmembersofsocietypopularamongRedGuards:(1)The"fivecategoriesofRedelements"「紅五」("revolutionarymartyrs,revolutionarycadres,revolutionarymilitarymen,workersandthepoorandlower-middlepeasants"「革命士、革命幹部、革命軍人、產業工人、貧下中農」)(2)The"fivecategoriesofDuskyelements"「麻五」("smalltraders,middlepeasants,upper-middlepeasants,officeworkersandtheself-employed"「小商、中農、上中農、職員、自由職業」)(3)The"fivecategoriesofBlackelements"「黑五」("landlords,richpeasants,counterrevolutionaries,badelementsandRightists"「地(主)、富(農)、反(革命分子)、壞(分子)、右(派)」)2.
October-November:criticismofthe"bourgeoisreactionaryline"「資產階級反動線」;denunciationofthe"bloodlinetheory";riseofthe"rebelRedGuards"「造反派紅衛兵」8'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINDecember1966:the"seize-powermovement「奪權運動」startedinBeijing:"rebelRedGuards"replaced"official-sponsoredRedGuards"asthemainforceinChinesepolitics(latterbecame"conservative保守派(Royalist保皇派)RedGuards")January1967:"seize-powermovement"extendednationwide("all-roundseizureofpower"「全面奪權」inthe"JanuaryStorm"「一月風」):Shanghai"rebels"overthrewtheShanghaiMunicipalPartyCommitteeandestablishedtheShanghaiCommune「上海人民公社」modelledontheParisCommune(1871)February1967:thecollapseofPartyandstateorgansPolitburomemberscriticizedCCRGbutwererebukedbyMao(theFebruaryStruggle二月抗爭,thencalledthe"Februaryadversecurrent"「二月逆」):CCRGbecamethedefactopowerorganinChina;CCPbecamea"Mao-centredParty"「以毛主席為首的黨中央」;theMao-cultreachednewheights(Maobeingreferredtoas"thegreatteacher,thegreatleader,thegreatsupremecommanderandthegreathelmsman"「偉大的導師、偉大的袖、偉大的統帥、偉大的舵手」)MaorejectedtheShangahiCommuneinfavourofsettingup"revolutionarycommittees"「革命委員會」basedontheprincipleof"three-in-onecombination"「三結合」(i.
e.
,combinationof"leadersofrebelorganizations,representativesofPLAtroopsstationedinthelocalityandrevolutionaryleadingcadres"「群眾組織的導人、當地駐軍的代表、革命導幹部」)March1967:MaoinstructedthePLAtocarryoutthepolicyof"threesupportsandtwomilitaries"「三支軍」(i.
e.
,"supportingindustry,supportingagriculture,supportingthebroadmassesoftheLeft,militarycontrol,politicalandmilitarytraining"「支工、支農、支(持革命)左(派群眾)、軍管、軍訓」);PLAsupported"conservativeRedGuards"inlinewiththetraditionalclassstandpoint;"rebels"resentedPLAinterventioninpoliticsandopposedthesettingupof"revolutionarycommittees"SplitswithinRedGuardandmassorganizations:"rebels"versus"conservatives";"rebels"versus"rebels";drifttowardcivilwar9'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINJuly1967:the"secondseize-powermovement":"rebels"versusPLAandZhouEnlaiThe"WuhanIncidentofJuly20"武漢「七.
二」事件:JiangQingprovokedviolencebyraisingthesloganof"attackbyreasoninganddefendbyforce"「文攻武衛」;full-scalecivilwarSeptember1967:Maolabeledthemostradical"May16Corps"「五一(紅衛)兵團」asa"counterrevolutionaryclique"「反革命集團」Endof1967-endof1968:restorationoforderNovember1967:orderto"resumeclasseswhilemakingrevolution"「課鬧革命」July1968:promulgationof"July3Report"《七三佈告》and"July24Report"《七二四佈告》:dissolutionofmassorganizationsAugust1968:"workers'MaoZedongThoughtpropagandateams"「工人毛澤東思想宣傳隊(工宣隊)」sentouttoschools;YaoWenyuanpublished"TheWorkingClassMustExerciseLeadershipinEverything"〈工人階級必須導一〉(Renminribao)September1968:establishmentof"revolutionarycommittees"completedin29provinces,municipalities,andautonomousregionsofChinaOctober1968:conveningofthe12thPlenumofthe8thCCPCC中共八屆十二中全會:LiuShaoqiexpelledfromthePartyEndof1968:youths"sentupthemountainsanddowntothecountryside"知()青()「上山下鄉」forre-education4.
2Thesecondroundofpoliticalstruggles:struggleswithinthe"Mao-Jiang-Lin"coalitionandtheeruptionandrepercussionsofthe"September13Incident"「九一三」事件(April1969-August1973)April1969:conveningofthe9thPartyCongress中共「九大」PredominanceofmilitarymeninChinesepoliticsVictoryofLinBiao(designated"ComradeMaoZedong'sclosecomrade-in-armsandsuccessor"「毛澤東同志的親密戰友和接班人」inthenewPartyConstitution)andvictoryoftheFourthFieldArmy:10'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLIN1.
FirstFieldArmy(第)一野(戰軍):PengDehuai彭德懷andHeLong賀2.
SecondFieldArmy(第)二野(戰軍):LiuBocheng伯承andDengXiaoping鄧小平3.
ThirdFieldArmy(第)三野(戰軍):ChenYi陳毅4.
FourthFieldArmy(第)四野(戰軍):LinBiao彪5.
NorthChinaFieldArmy華野戰軍:NieRongqin聶榮臻July-August1969:promulgationofthe"July23Report"《七二三佈告》and"August2Order"《八二八命》:endof"threeyearsofrebelling"「三造反」June1969-December1970:launchingofthe"party-consolidationandparty-buildingmovement"「整黨建黨運動」June1969:reestablishmentofpartycommitteesatthebasiclevelNovember1969:reestablishmentofthefirstpartycommitteeatthecountylevel(Hunanprovince)August1970:massmediaemphasizedthetraditionof"thePartycommandsthegun"「黨指揮槍」December1970:reestablishmentofthefirstpartycommitteeattheprovinciallevel(Hunanprovince)August-September1970:conveningofthe2ndPlenumofthe9thCCPCC中共九屆二中全會atLushan山:LinBiaoquarreledwithMaoandJiangQingoverthequestionofwhethertoabolishthestatepresidencyOctober1970:launchingofthe"criticizeChen[Boda]andpartyrectificationcampaign"「批陳(伯達)整風運動」March-September1971:thestagingofan"armedcoupd'etat"「武裝起義」bythe"LinBiaoclique"「彪集團」The"LinBiaoclique":LinLiguo果(LinBiao'sson),YeQun群(LinBiao'swife),HuangYongsheng黃永勝(chief-of-staffofPLA),WuFaxian吳法憲(airforcecommander),LiZuopeng作鵬(politicalcommissarofthenavy),QiuHuizuo邱會作(headoftheGeneralLogisticsDepartment)11'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINMarch1971:"armedcoupd'etat"underway;"JointFleet"「合艦隊」;"Outlineof'Project571'"《「571工程」紀要》August1971:Mao'ssoutherntoursandopencriticismofLinBiaoSeptember1971:failureoftheattempttoassassinateMao;LinBiao'sescape(September13)anddeathinUndurKhaninOuterMongoliaControversiesoverLinBiao'sdeath:officialversionversusnon-officialversions(seeTeiwes,FrederickC.
andSun,Warren,TheTragedyofLinBiao:RidingtheTigerDuringtheCulturalRevolution.
London:C,Hurst&Co.
,HK:HKUPress,1996)Repercussionsofthe"September13Incident":Launchingofthe"criticizeLinBiaoandpartyrectificationcampaign"「批整風運動」(「語手,萬歲口,當面好話,背後下毒手.
」;「反革命面派」)andtheemergenceofacrisisoffaithinthePartyIntensificationofconflictsbetweenZhouEnlaiandJiangQing:ZhouidentifiedLin'smistakeas"ultra-'Left'"「極『左』」;Jiangregardeditas"'Left'informbutRightinessence"「形『左』實右」FallofFourthFieldArmygeneralsRehabilitationofpurgedcadresandmilitarymen:"pragmatists"「務實派」/"moderates"「穩健派」constitutedanewforceunderZhou'sleadership4.
3Thethirdroundofpoliticalstruggles:ZhouEnlai,DengXiaopingandtherehabilitatedveterancadresversusthe"GangofFour"「四人幫」(August1973-October1976)24-28August1973:conveningofthe10thPartyCongress中共「十大」RealignmentofpowerintheCCPCCandPolitburoZhouEnlaideliveredthe"PoliticalReport"《政治報告》WangHongwen王洪文deliveredthe"ReportontheRevisionofthePartyConstitution"《關於修改黨章的報告》November1973:Zhouaccusedofcommitting"Rightcapitulationism"「右傾投主義」afterHenryKissinger'svisittoChina;formationofthe"GangofFour"(JiangQing,WangHongwen,ZhangChunqiao,YaoWenyuan)12'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINJanuary1974:circulationof"LinBiaoandtheDoctrinesofConfuciusandMencius"《彪與孔孟之道》andthelaunchingofthe"criticizeLinBiao,criticizeConfuciuscampaign"「批批孔運動」(targetedatZhouEnlai)ReinterpretationofChinesehistoryas"ahistoryofthestrugglesbetweentheConfuciansandtheLegalists"「儒法鬥爭史」;theConfucianswerecriticizedas"Restorationists"「闢派」HistoryusedasatooltoservecurrentpoliticalstrugglesagainstZhouEnlaiandhissupporters(theso-called"Restorationists"):criticismof"theDukeofZhou"「周公」,"theprimeminister(premier)"「宰相」,"thebigConfucianofmoderntimes"「現代的大儒」,"thebigConfucianwithintheParty"「黨內的大儒」Mao'srelationshipwithZhouEnlaiMao'srelationshipwithJiangQingNovember1974:threeyouths(LiZhengtian正天,ChenYiyang陳一陽,WangXizhe王希哲)inGuangzhou廣州postedupabigcharacterposterentitled"OnSocialistDemocracyandLegality"〈關於社會主義的民主與法制〉,criticizingthe"feudal"and"fascist"ruleoftheultra-"Leftists"January1975:ZhouEnlaiwasseriouslyillaftertheconveningofthe4thNationalPeople'sCongress四屆人大;DengXiaopingtookchargeoftheday-to-dayworkoftheStateCouncilandPartyCentrewiththesupportofMaoFebruary-June1975:launchingofthe"studythetheoryofproletariandictatorshipcampaign"「學習無產階級專政運動」:thetheoryof"exercisingoveralldictatorship[onthebourgeoisclass]"「全面專政」;"restrictionofbourgeoisrights"「限制資產階級法權」August1975:launchingofthe"criticizeOutlawsoftheMarshcampaign"「評《水滸》運動」:criticismdirectedattheso-called"capitulationists"「投派」(i.
e.
,peoplewhowantedtonegatethe"CulturalRevolution")November1975:launchingofacampaignto"criticizeDengandopposetheRightistwindofcallingforthereversalofpreviousverdicts"「批鄧、反擊右傾翻案風運動」13'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINDeng:draftedthreepositionpaperson"rectification"「整頓」(October1975):1.
《全黨全國各項工作的總綱(草稿)》2.
《科學院工作匯報提綱(草稿)》3.
《關於加快工業發展的干問題(草稿)》Deng:instructedpeopletotakeChairmanMao's"threedirectivesasthekeylink"以「毛主席三項指示為綱」1.
"Learnfromthedictatorshipoftheproletariat;struggleandguardagainstrevisionism"「學習無產階級專政、反修防修」2.
"Promotestabilityandunity"「促進安定團結」3.
"Upgradethenationaleconomy"「把國民經濟搞上去」Mao:"Classstruggleisthekeylink,allotherthingsaresecondary"January1976:deathofZhouEnlai;PolitburoappointedHuaGuofeng華國鋒asactingpremierandputhiminchargeofeverydayworkofthePartyCentreMao:"Withyou[Hua]incharge,I'matease"「你辦事,我放心.
」4-5April1976:the"TiananmenIncident"「天安門事件」PolitburorelievedDengXiaopingofallhisposts;appointedHuaGuofengasfirstvice-chairmanoftheCCPandpremier;"TiananmenIncident"labeledasa"counterrevolutionary"incidentAugust1976:launchingofthe"criticizeDengcampaign"「批鄧運動」Deng'sthreepositionpapersonreorganizationvilifiedas"threepoisonousweeds"「三株大毒草」September1976:deathofMaoZedongOctober:arrestofthe"GangofFour"andendofthe"CulturalRevolution"5.
Rethinkingaboutthe"CulturalRevolution"Whatwasthe"CulturalRevolution"allaboutWhatkindsofproblemsexistedinChina,asrevealedbythe"CulturalRevolution"Whatwasthemostdisastrousconsequenceofthe"CulturalRevolution"forChina14'ModernisationandTransformationofChina'(6)Dr.
AlfredLINWasthe"CulturalRevolution"totallydevoidofsignificance6.
TheendoftheMaoistera:assessmentofMaoZedongCharismaticleadershipAgeoftotalitarianismandone-mandictatorship6.
1UnderstandingMaoZedongWhatwasspecialaboutMao'scharacterMao'sarroganceasseenfromsomeofthepoemshewrote:「獨坐池塘如虎踞,楊樹下養精神.
春我先開口,哪個蟲兒敢作聲」(詠蛙,1909,16歲.
)「獨寒秋,湘江去,橘子洲頭.
看萬山紅遍,層盡染;漫江碧透,百舸爭.
鷹擊長空,魚翔淺底,萬霜天競自由.
悵寥,問蒼茫大地,誰主沉浮」(沁園春,長沙,1925,32歲.
)「江山如此多嬌,引無英雄競折腰.
惜秦皇漢武,輸文采;唐宗宋祖,稍遜風騷.
一代天驕,成吉思汗,只彎弓射大雕.
俱往矣,風人物,還看今朝.
」(沁園春,雪,1936,43歲.
)「多少事,從急;天地轉,光陰迫.
一萬太久,祗爭朝夕.
四海翻騰雲水,五洲震蕩風激.
要掃除一害人蟲,全無敵.
」(滿江紅,1963,70歲.
)WhatdidMaolikebestWhatdidMaohatemostDidMaohaveanypersonalproblemsthataffectedhisdailylifeMao:theembodimentofcontradictions6.
2AssessingMaoZedongIfMaohadcreatedatragedy,itwasatragedythatnevermeanttobe15