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CSSMasteryAdvancedWebStandardsSolutionsSecondEditionAndyBudd,SimonCollison,andCameronMollCSSMastery:AdvancedWebStandardsSolutions,SecondEditionCopyright2009byAndyBudd,SimonCollison,andCameronMollAllrightsreserved.
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CreditsLeadEditor:BenRenow-ClarkeTechnicalReviewers:NatalieDowneandTonyWhiteEditorialBoard:ClayAndres,SteveAnglin,MarkBeckner,EwanBuckingham,TonyCampbell,GaryCornell,JonathanGennick,MichelleLowman,MatthewMoodie,JeffreyPepper,FrankPohlmann,BenRenow-Clarke,DominicShakeshaft,MattWade,TomWelshProjectManagers:RichardDalPortoandDebraKellyCopyEditor:HeatherLangCompositor:v-promptIndexer:BIMIndexingISBN978-1-4302-2397-9ISBN978-1-4302-2398-6(eBook)DOI10.
1007/978-1-4302-2398-6ToAlison,forallthehelpandsupportoverthelast6months.
—AndyBuddvContentsataGlanceContents.
viiForewordxivAbouttheAuthors.
xvAbouttheTechnicalReviewers.
xviiAcknowledgments.
xviiiIntroductionxxChapter1:SettingtheFoundations3Chapter2:GettingYourStylestoHittheTarget25Chapter3:VisualFormattingModelOverview51Chapter4:UsingBackgroundsforEffect.
71Chapter5:StylingLinks109Chapter6:StylingListsandCreatingNavBars133Chapter7:StylingFormsandDataTables.
175Chapter8:Layout.
205Chapter9:BugsandBugFixing245Chapter10:CaseStudy:RomaItalia275Chapter11:CaseStudy:ClimbtheMountains311Index355viiContentsForewordxivAbouttheAuthors.
xvAbouttheTechnicalReviewers.
xviiAcknowledgments.
xviiiIntroductionxxWhoisthisbookforxxHowisthisbookstructuredxxConventionsusedinthisbookxxiChapter1:SettingtheFoundations3Structuringyourcode4Abriefhistoryofmarkup4Thepowerofmeaning6IDsandclassnames.
7Namingyourelements.
9IDsorClasses10Divsandspans11Microformats12DifferentversionsofHTMLandCSS.
16Documenttypes,DOCTYPEswitching,andbrowsermodes18Validation.
18Browsermodes.
20DOCTYPEswitching.
21Summary.
22Chapter2:GettingYourStylestoHittheTarget25Commonselectors25Pseudo-classes.
27Theuniversalselector27Advancedselectors.
28Childandadjacentsiblingselectors28Attributeselectors30ContentsviiiThecascadeandspecificity35Specificity.
35Usingspecificityinyourstylesheets37AddingaclassoranIDtothebodytag.
38Inheritance.
39Planning,organizing,andmaintainingyourstylesheets.
40Applyingstylestoyourdocument40Structuringyourcode.
42Notetoself.
44Removingcommentsandoptimizingyourstylesheets.
45Styleguides.
45Summary.
48Chapter3:VisualFormattingModelOverview51Boxmodelrecap51IEandtheboxmodel53Margincollapsing54Positioningrecap.
57Thevisualformattingmodel57Relativepositioning59Absolutepositioning60Fixedpositioning.
61Floating.
62Lineboxesandclearing.
63Summary.
69Chapter4:UsingBackgroundsforEffect.
71Backgroundimagebasics.
72Rounded-cornerboxes.
75Fixed-widthrounded-cornerboxes.
75Flexiblerounded-cornerbox.
78Mountaintopcorners.
81Multiplebackgroundimages.
83Contentsixborder-radius.
85border-image.
86Dropshadows88EasyCSSdropshadows.
88DropshadowsàlaClagnut91Box-shadow91Opacity95CSSopacity95RGBa96PNGtransparency97CSSparallaxeffect99Imagereplacement.
102FahrnerImageReplacement(FIR)103Phark104ScalableInmanFlashReplacement(sIFR)104Summary.
106Chapter5:StylingLinks109Simplelinkstyling.
109Funwithunderlines111Simplelinkembellishments.
111Fancylinkunderlines.
112Visited-linkstyles.
113Stylinglinktargets113Highlightingdifferenttypesoflinks.
115Highlightingdownloadabledocumentsandfeeds.
117Creatinglinksthatlooklikebuttons.
118Simplerollovers.
120Rolloverswithimages120Pixy-stylerollovers121CSSsprites.
123RolloverswithCSS3.
125ContentsxPureCSStooltips.
128Summary.
130Chapter6:StylingListsandCreatingNavBars133Basicliststyling.
134Creatingabasicverticalnavbar.
135Highlightingthecurrentpageinanavbar138Creatingasimplehorizontalnavbar.
139Creatingagraphicalnavbar.
142Simplifiedslidingdoortabbednavigation.
144Suckerfishdrop-downs.
147CSSimagemaps151Flickr-styleimagemaps.
156Remoterollovers165Ashortnoteaboutdefinitionlists171Summary.
172Chapter7:StylingFormsandDataTables.
175Stylingdatatables.
176Table-specificelements.
178Summaryandcaption.
178thead,tbody,andtfoot178colandcolgroups.
179Datatablemarkup.
179Stylingthetable.
181Addingthevisualstyle.
182Simpleformlayout.
185Usefulformelements186Formlabels187Thebasiclayout188Otherelements.
189Embellishments192Requiredfields.
193ContentsxiComplicatedformlayout193Accessibledateinput195Multicolumncheckboxes196Submitbuttons.
198Formfeedback201Summary.
203Chapter8:Layout.
205Planningyourlayout.
206Settingthefoundations208Centeringadesignusingmargins.
210Float-basedlayouts.
212Two-columnfloatedlayout213Three-columnfloatedlayout.
216Fixed-width,liquid,andelasticlayout.
219Liquidlayouts220Elasticlayouts223Liquidandelasticimages.
226Fauxcolumns.
228Equal-heightcolumns.
231CSS3columns.
236CSSFrameworksvs.
CSSSystems238Summary.
243Chapter9:BugsandBugFixing245Bughunting246CommonCSSproblems.
246Problemswithspecificityandsortorder247Problemswithmargincollapsing249Bughuntingbasics.
252Trytoavoidbugsinthefirstplace254Isolatetheproblem.
254Creatingminimaltestcases255ContentsxiiFixingtheproblem,notthesymptoms256Askingforhelp.
256Havinglayout.
256Whatislayout257Whateffectdoeslayouthave258Workarounds.
260InternetExplorerconditionalcomments.
260Awarningabouthacksandfilters261Usinghacksandfilterssensibly262ApplyingtheIEforMacbandpassfilter.
262ApplyingthestarHTMLhack263Applyingthechildselectorhack.
264Commonbugsandtheirfixes264Double-marginfloatbug.
264Three-pixeltextjogbug.
265IE6duplicatecharacterbug.
267IE6peek-a-boobug.
269Absolutepositioninginarelativecontainer.
269StoppickingonInternetExplorer270Gradedbrowsersupport271Summary.
273Chapter10:CaseStudy:RomaItalia276Aboutthiscasestudy276Thefoundation278AneyetowardsHTML5.
279reset.
css281The1080layoutandgrid282Usinggridsinwebdesign283AdvancedCSS2andCSS3features285Dowebsitesneedtolookexactlythesameineverybrowser.
com285Attributeselector288Contentsxiiibox-shadow,RGBa,andtext-overflow.
289Fontlinkingandbetterwebtypography293Settingfont-sizelikeit's1999.
293Hangingpunctuation294Multi-columntextlayout.
296@font-face.
298Cufón,aninterimsteptowards@font-face.
301AddinginteractivitywithAjaxandjQuery.
303Ajax.
304jQuery.
305UsingAjax+jQueryforthesearchfeature307Summary.
310Chapter11:CaseStudy:ClimbtheMountains311Aboutthiscasestudy312StyleSheetorganizationandconventions.
314Thehard-workingscreen.
css315Describingcontents315Reset316IEstylesheetsusingconditionalcomments317Gridflexibility.
317HowdoestheCTMlayoutwork318Navigationcontrolwithbodyclasses319Highlightingthecurrentpage319Layeringtheblockquote323Strategicallytargetingelements.
325Deepdescendentselectors.
325The:first-childpseudo-class.
329Adjacentsiblingselectors.
331Transparency,shadows,androundedcorners.
332Ouraim.
332CaptionimageoverlayandRGBatransparency.
333ContentsxivCombiningclasses336border-radius337box-shadow339Positioninglistsandrevealingcontent.
340Roundingthecorners.
343Themainelevationchart.
344Summary.
351Index355xvForewordInourwonderfulworldofwebdesign,thereare3,647waystoaccomplishthesamegoal—approximately.
Andthatabsurdlyfictitiousnumberisincreasingeveryday.
Insteadofone,correctwayofsolvingaparticularproblem,we'rebothblessedandcursedbytheabundantchoiceswehaveaswebdesigners.
It'sthesechoicesthatmakedesigningfortheWebfunandinteresting,whileatthesametimeoverwhelming.
CSSMasterywillhelpcurethatoverwhelmingitis(awordthatI'vejustinvented).
AndyBuddhasbeenwriting,designing,andspeakingaboutstandards-basedwebdesignforyears,andwe'renowluckytoseehisclear,easy-to-followwayofteachingessentialCSStechniquescompiledinthisverybook.
Theresultisacardcatalogofindispensablesolutions,tricks,andtipsthatawebprofessionalsuchasyourselfshouldnotbewithout.
I'vealwaysfrownedonpublicationsthatsuggestasingle,correctwayofaccomplishingagoal,andAndydoesthecompleteopposite,offeringmultiplemethodsfortaskssuchasstylinglinks,creatingtabbednavigation,utilizingtime-savingCSS3solutions,orcreatingfixed,fluid,orelasticlayouts,aswellasgivingtipsonhowtotroubleshootthosepeskybrowserbugsthatgoalongwithdesigningwithCSS(tonamebutafew).
Armedwiththesepopularandstylishapproachestocommondesignelements,you'llbebetterpreparedtomakeyourowninformeddecisions.
Andasifthatwasn'tenough,Andy'sgoneaheadandenlistedthehelpoftwoimitabledesignerstohelppullallthepiecestogether,showinghowtheseessentialtechniquescanworktogether.
I'velongbeenafanofCameron'sandSimon'swork,andtoseetwogreatcasestudiescoveringfluid,bulletproofdesignsaswellasflexiblestylesolutions,respectively,well,that'sjustagiganticbonus.
Sodiginandstartchippingawayatthose3,647waystomasteryourCSS.
DanCederholmAuthor,WebStandardsSolutionsxviAbouttheAuthorsAndyBuddisoneofthefoundingpartnersatUserExperienceDesignConsultancy,Clearleft(clearleft.
com).
Asaninteractiondesignandusabilityspecialist,AndyisaregularspeakeratinternationalconferenceslikeWebDirections,AnEventApart,andSXSW.
AndycuratesdConstruct(dconstruct.
org),oneoftheUK'smostpopulardesignconferences.
He'salsoresponsibleforUXLondon(uxlondon.
com),theUK'sfirstdedicatedusability,informationarchitecture,anduserexperiencedesignevent.
AndywasanearlychampionofwebstandardsintheUKandhasdevelopedanintimateunderstandingoftheCSSspecificationandcross-browsersupport.
Asanactivememberofthecommunity,Andyhashelpedjudgeseveralinternationaldesignawardsandcurrentlysitsontheadvisoryboardfor.
Netmagazine.
AndyisalsothedrivingforcebehindSilverbackapp(silverbackapp.
com),alow-costusabilitytestingtoolfortheMac.
AndyisanavidTwitteruser(@andybudd)andoccasionallyblogsatandybudd.
com.
Neverhappierthanwhenhe'sdivinginsomeremotetropicalatoll,AndyisaqualifiedPADIdiveinstructorandretiredsharkwrangler.
CameronMollhasbeendesigningmeaningfulwebinterfacesthatharmonizeutilityandpresentationsincethelate1990s.
HisworkoradvicehasbeenfeaturedbyHOW,Print,andCommunicationArtsmagazines,ForresterResearch,NationalPublicRadio(NPR),andmanyothers.
Hespeaksonuserinterfacedesignatconferencesnationallyandinternationally,andheisalsotheauthorofMobileWebDesign(mobilewebbook.
com).
CameronisthefounderandpresidentofAuthenticJobsInc.
(authenticjobs.
com),atargeteddestinationforwebandcreativeprofessionalsandthecompaniesseekingtohirethem.
HeisalsotheproprietorofCameronMollLLC,whoseproductsincludeletterpresstypographypostersavailableforpurchaseatcameronmoll.
bigcartel.
com.
Andamidallthiscraziness,hestillfindstimetoplayballwitheachofhisfourboys.
YoucanalsofindCamerononlineatcameronmoll.
com,twitter.
com/cameronmoll,flickr.
com/photos/authentic,andvimeo.
com/cameronmoll.
AbouttheAuthorsxviiSimonCollisoniscofounderandcreativedirectoratErskineDesign(erskinedesign.
com),partofatalentedteamofdesignersanddevelopersdoingexceptionalthings.
Overthelasttenyears,he'sworkedonnumerouswebprojectsforrecordlabelsandbands,visualartists,businesses,government—prettymuchthefullgamut.
He'snowworkingwithabroadclientlistrangingfromestablishedmagazinestopolarexplorers.
Collywritesalong-runningblog(colly.
com),writesaboutthewebatErskineLabs(erskinelabs.
com)andhehaswrittenthebestsellingBeginningCSSWebDevelopment(ISBN:978-1-59059-689-0)forApressandcoauthoredWebStandardsCreativity(ISBN:978-1-59059-803-0).
He'sneverhappierthanwhenhe'sexperimentingwithCSSandHTML,orwhentalkingaboutitinfrontofanaudience.
Intherealworld,CollylovesclimbingmountainsandgettinglostinthewildernessesoftheUKorIceland.
Hedrivesa32-year-oldcarandhasastupidcatcalledBearface.
xviiiAbouttheTechnicalReviewersNatalieDowneisaperfectionistbynatureandworksforBrighton'sClearleftasaclient-sidewebdeveloper.
Anexperiencedusabilityconsultantandprojectmanager,herfirstlovesremainfront-enddevelopmentandusabilityengineering.
SheenjoysDoingThingsRightandoccasionallydabblinginthedarkartsofPythonandpokingtheoddAPI.
TonyWhiteisafront-enddeveloperanddesignerlivinginMemphis,Tennessee.
DuringthedayheistheuserinterfacemanagerforHiltonHotels,wherehenurturesusability,advocateswebstandards,andlassosHTMLwithjQuery.
Healsorunstheone-manshowAsktheCSSGuy(askthecssguy.
com),anafter-hourssitedevotedtopeakingunderthehoodofCSSandJavaScriptwebdesigntechniques.
xixAcknowledgmentsThankstoeverybodywhohelpedmakethisbookpossible,bothdirectlyandindirectly.
TomyfriendsandcolleaguesatClearleft:Thanksforprovidingencouragementandfeedbackthroughoutthebook-writingprocess.
AndespeciallytoNatalieDowneforlendingyourexperienceandbreadthofknowledgetothisbook:Yoursupportandguidancewasinvaluable,andIstilldon'tknowwhereyoumanagetofindthetime.
ToChrisMillsforguidingmethroughtheinitialwritingprocessandhelpingturnmyideasintoreality,andtoeverybodyatApresswhoworkedtirelesslytogetthisbookpublishedontime:Yourdedicationandprofessionalismismuchappreciated.
ToallmycolleagueswhocontinuetosharetheirwealthofknowledgeinordertomaketheWebabetterplace:Thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthepreviousworkofthefollowingpeople,tonamebutafew:CameronAdams,JohnAllsopp,RachelAndrew,NathanBarley,HollyBergevin,MarkBoulton,DouglasBowman,TheBritPack,DanCederholm,Tantekelik,JoeClark,AndyClarke,SimonCollison,MikeDavidson,GarrettDimon,DerekFeatherstone,NickFink,PatrickGriffiths,JonHicks,MollyE.
Holzschlag,ShaunInman,RogerJohansson,JeremyKeith,IanLloyd,EthanMarcotte,DrewMcLellan,EricMeyer,CameronMoll,DunstanOrchard,VeerlePieters,D.
KeithRobinson,RichardRutter,JasonSantaMaria,DaveShea,JeffreyVeen,RussWeakley,SimonWillison,andJeffreyZeldman.
ToallthereadersofmyblogandeverybodyI'vemetatconferences,workshops,andtrainingeventsoverthelastcoupleofyears:Yourdiscussionsandideashelpedfuelthecontentofthisbook.
Andfinally,thankstoyouforreading.
IhopethisbookhelpsyoutakeyourCSSskillstothenextlevel.
AndyBuddFirst,thankstoyouforchoosingthisbook.
Ihopeitimprovesthecaliberofworkyoudo,dayinanddayout.
I'mendlesslyinspiredbythepotentialofthoseinourindustry,andthatincludesyou.
IechoAndy'swordsingivingthankstothemanynotableindividualsthathaveshapedandrefinedtheWeb,makingitabetterplacetodaythanit'severbeen.
Yearsfromnow,theseindividualswillbejustasreveredasthosemenandwomenwhofirstsentmentotheMoon.
AspecialthankstoAaronBarker(aaronbarker.
net)whoassistedwithseveralofthejQueryandAJAXexamplesinmycasestudy.
Mostimportantly,Igivemyutmostgratitudetomybeautifulwife,Suzanne,andfoursons,Everest,Edison,Isaac,andHudson.
Withouttheirlove,supportandpatience,theworkI'veproducedtodatewouldnothavebeenrealized.
CameronMollAcknowledgmentsxxImustthankmyfriendandcolleagueGregoryWoodforhisideasandassistancewiththe"ClimbtheMountains"concept.
Everythingheproducesinspiresme,andhe'sthedesignerIwanttobewhenIgrowup.
I'dalsoliketothankallofmycolleaguesatErskineDesignfortheirsupportandforturningablindeyetomyfeverishworkonprojectssuchasthis.
BigthankstoSimonCampbell,JamiePittock,GlenSwinfield,PhilSwan,VickyTwycross,andAngelaCampbell.
Aboveall,Ishouldtakethisopportunitytothankmymum,andthosethatIhavelostsincethefirsteditionofthisbook,mytwograndfathers,andespeciallymydad.
Istilldothisstufftomakeyouproud,eventhoughyou'vegone.
SimonCollisonxxiIntroductionThereareanincreasingnumberofCSSresourcesaround,yetyouonlyhavetolookataCSSmailinglisttoseethesamequestionspoppinguptimeandagain:HowdoIcenteradesignWhatisthebestrounded-cornerboxtechniqueHowdoIcreateathree-columnlayoutIfyoufollowtheCSSdesigncommunity,findingthesolutionisusuallyacaseofrememberingwhichwebsiteaparticulararticleortechniqueisfeaturedon.
However,ifyouarerelativelynewtoCSS,ordon'thavethetimetoreadalltheblogs,thisinformationcanbehardtotrackdown.
EvenpeoplewhoareskilledatCSSrunintoproblemswithsomeofthemoreobscureaspectsofCSSsuchasthepositioningmodelorspecificity.
ThisisbecausemostCSSdevelopersareself-taught,pickinguptricksfromarticlesandotherpeople'scodewithoutfullyunderstandingthespecifications.
Andisitanywonder,astheCSSspecificationiscomplex,oftencontradictory,andwrittenforbrowsermanufacturersratherthanwebdevelopersThentherearethebrowserstocontendwith.
BrowserbugsandinconsistenciesareoneofthebiggestproblemsforthemodernCSSdeveloper.
Unfortunately,manyofthesebugsarepoorlydocumented,andtheirfixesvergeonthesideoffolklaw.
Youknowthatyouhavetodosomethingacertainway,oritwillbreakinonebrowseroranother.
Youjustcan'trememberforwhichbrowserorhowitbreaks.
Sotheideaforabookformed.
AbookthatbringstogetherthemostusefulCSStechniquesinoneplace,thatfocusesonreal-worldbrowserissuesandthathelpsplugcommongapsinpeople'sCSSknowledge.
AbookthatwillhelpyoujumpthelearningcurveandhaveyoucodinglikeaCSSexpertinnotimeflat.
WhoisthisbookforCSSMasteryisaimedatanybodywithabasicknowledgeofHTMLandCSS.
IfyouhavejustrecentlydippedyourtoesintotheworldofCSSdesign,orifyou'vebeendevelopingpureCSSsitesforyears,therewillbesomethinginthisbookforyou.
However,youwillgetthemostoutofthisbookifyouhavebeenusingCSSforawhilebutdon'tconsideryourselfanexpertjustyet.
Thisbookispackedfullofpractical,real-worldadviceandexamplestohelpyoumastermodernCSSdesign.
HowisthisbookstructuredThisbookeasesyouingently,withthreechaptersonbasicCSSconceptsandbestpractices.
Youwilllearnhowtostructureandcommentyourcode,theins-and-outsoftheCSSpositioningmodel,andhowfloatingandclearingreallyworks.
Youmayknowalotofthisalready,butyouwillprobablyfindbitsyou'vemissedornotunderstoodfully.
Assuch,thefirstthreechaptersactasagreatCSSprimeraswellasarecaponwhatyoualreadyknow.
Withthebasicsoutoftheway,thenextfivechapterscovercoreCSStechniquessuchasimage,link,andlistmanipulation;formanddata-tabledesign;andpureCSSlayout.
EachchapterstartsIntroductionxxiisimplyandthenworksuptoprogressivelymorecomplicatedexamples.
Inthesechapters,youwilllearnhowtocreaterounded-cornerboxes,imageswithtransparentdropshadows,tabbednavigationbars,andinteractivebuttons.
Withmanyofthesetechniques,youwillfirstlearnthetraditionalwayofdoingthembeforeseeinghowyoucanachievethesameaffectusingCSS3.
Ifyouwanttofollowalongwiththeexamplesinthisbook,allthecodeexamplescanbedownloadedfromwww.
cssmastery.
comorwww.
friendsofed.
com.
BrowserbugsarethebaneofmanyaCSSdeveloper,soalltheexamplesinthisbookfocusoncreatingtechniquesthatworkacrossbrowsers.
What'smore,thisbookcontainsawholechapterdevotedtobugsandbugfixing.
Inthischapter,youwilllearnallaboutbug-huntingtechniquesandhowtospotandfixcommonbugsbeforetheystartcausingproblems.
YouwillevenlearnwhatreallycausesmanyofMicrosoftInternetExplorer'sseeminglyrandomCSSbugs.
Thelasttwochaptersarethepiècederésistance.
SimonCollisonandCameronMoll,twoofthebestCSSdesignersaround,havecombinedallofthesetechniquesintotwofantasticcasestudies.
Soyoulearnnotonlyhowthesetechniquesworkbutalsohowtoputthemintopracticeonareal-lifewebproject.
Thisbookcanbereadfromcovertocoverorkeptbyyourcomputerasareferenceofmoderntips,tricks,andtechniques.
Thechoiceisuptoyou.
ConventionsusedinthisbookThisbookusesacoupleofconventionsthatareworthnoting.
Thefollowingtermsareusedthroughoutthisbook:HTMLreferstoboththeHTMLandXHTMLlanguages.
Unlessotherwisestated,CSSrelatestotheCSS2.
1specification.
InternetExplorer6(IE6)andbelowonWindowsreferstoInternetExplorer5.
0to6.
0onWindows.
ModernbrowsersareconsideredtobethelatestversionsofFirefox,Safari,andOperaalongwithIE7andabove.
ItisassumedthatalltheHTMLexamplesinthisbookarenestedintheofavaliddocument,whiletheCSSiscontainedwithinanexternalstylesheet.
Occasionally,HTMLandCSShavebeenplacedinthesamecodeexampleforbrevity.
However,inarealdocument,theseitemsneedtogointheirrespectiveplacestofunctioncorrectly.
Finally,forHTMLexamplesthatcontainrepeatingdata,ratherthanwritingouteveryline,theellipsischaracter(.
.
.
)isusedtodenotecodecontinuation:Withtheformalitiesoutoftheway,let'sgetstarted.