passingico图标制作

AccessibleIconsforDeaf:AnUXApproachArmandoCardosoRibas,LucianeMariaFadel(&),TarcísioVanzin,andVaniaRibasUlbrichtPostgraduatePrograminKnowledgeEngineeringandManagement,FederalUniversityofSantaCatarina(UFSC),Florianópolis,SantaCatarina,Brazilmandorgr@gmail.
com,liefadel@gmail.
com,tvanzin@gmail.
com,vrulbricht@gmail.
comAbstract.
Consideringthatdeafpeoplehavetheirownculturebasedupontheiruniquemannersandcharacteristicsthispaperinvestigatesthecriteriafordevelopmentofaccessibleicons,whichareeasilyrecognizedbydeaf.
Thus,thispaperstartswithabriefdescriptionofthedeafcultureandreviewsrelatedresearch.
Finally,asystematicreviewofliteraturewascarriedoutinordertodescribethestateoftheartonthecriteriatodevelopicons.
Keywords:CriteriaIcondesignDeft1IntroductionTechnologyisintendedtoenhanceorfacilitatehumanactions,aswellasimprovecommunication,leveragingtheeconomy,politics,cultureanddisseminationandabsorptionofknowledge.
Inthisrespect,alltechnologyisconsideredasocialdevice,becauseitisaboutproducts,techniquesandmethodsdevelopedtobenetsociety[1,2].
Castells[3]arguedthat:"…societyshapestechnologyaccordingtotheneeds,valuesandinterestsofpersonswhousethesetechnologies[…]technologiesofinformationandcommunicationsareparticularlysensitivetotheeffectsofthesocialuseofthetechnologyitself.
[…]".
Cerezo[4]addedthatpeoplemustalsohaveconditionstoassesstheimpactsofinformationbroughtbythetechnologies,whichtendtoinuencetheirsurroundings.
Castells[3]corroborateswithCerezo[4]byarguingthattheknowledgegeneratedbythesetechnologies,isdirectlyconnectedtotheabilityoforganizationofthesociety,capturingthebenetsandexcludingirrelevantinformation.
Thus,allindividualsofthissocietyshouldhaveaccesstoinformation,whichleadstotheproblemofenhancingaccessibilityoftechnology.
Accessibilityaimstomakedigitalsystemsaccessibletoallpeople,withorwithoutdisabilities[5].
AccordingtotheW3C[6],Webaccessibilitymeansthatpeoplewithdisabilities"canperceive,understand,navigate,interactandcontributetotheweb".
Pupoetal.
[7]corroboratewithABRA[5]statingthattheaccessibilityalsobenetsthosewhodonothavedisabilities,becauseadigitalaccessiblesystemisdesignedtofacilitatelearningandusetoimprovetheoveralluserexperience.
SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016A.
Marcus(Ed.
):DUXU2016,PartI,LNCS9746,pp.
124–132,2016.
DOI:10.
1007/978-3-319-40409-7_13DespitemanyInformationandCommunicationTechnologies(ICT)assistpeoplewithdisabilitiesthesetechnologiescanalsointroducelimitation.
Thatmighthappenbecausetheinformationisdesignedfocusingonsatisfythesensesofvisionandhearing.
Therefore,thoseuserswithvisionorhearinglossmayhavedifcultyinperceivinginformation.
Perceptionresultsfromwhatindividualscapturewiththeirsenses.
Sensescanbedividedintointrospectiveandnon-introspectivesenses.
Theformerreferstotheper-ceptionofthebody,suchaspainandmovementofinternalorgans.
Thelateriswhatweapprehendfromthesurroundings,capturedbythesensesofsight,sound,smell,tasteandtouch[8].
But,it'sinthemindthatoccurstheperceptionfromtheinformationcollectedbythesenses.
AccordingtoSantaella[9]theperceptionresultsofreferencingpriorknowledge,whichisnecessarytoanunderstandingofthefactspresented[10].
Inaddition,theperceptiondiffersfromoneindividualtoanotherandfromoneculturetoanother,becauseeachpersonhasasingularexperienceoflife.
Therefore,eachpersonhasauniqueperceptionofanartifactobserved[8].
Then,designingforallisthetopicofmanyresearches.
Thispaperdiscussestheuserexperiencedesignapproachthatmightensurethatmostusersexperiencetheobjectasintended.
Thisapproachaimstodesignartifactsqualitiesthatarerecognizedbymostpeople,whichmeansdesignforexperience.
Thismeanstocreateconditionssothatpeoplewithasimilarculturalperspectivelikedeafpeoplewhoshareasocioculturalbackground,willperceiveandinterpretaproductinanintendedway.
Ribeiro[11]putsthatthereislittleproductionofaccessiblematerial,andthereistoomuchtextinwrittenformandwithlowproductionofimages,icons,pictures,orvideostothispublic.
Consideringthatdeafpeoplehavetheirownculturebasedupontheiruniquemannersandcharacteristicsthispaperinvestigatethecriteriafordevelopmentofaccessibleicons,whichareeasilyrecognizedbydeaf.
Therefore,thispapersstartswithabriefdescriptionofthedeafcultureandreviewsrelatedresearch.
Finally,asystematicreviewofliteraturewascarriedoutinordertodescribethestateoftheartonthecriteriatodevelopicons.
2DeafCultureThehistoryofdeafeducationpresentsacontinuousevolutiondespiteseveralsigni-cantimpacts[12].
Oneofthemostoutstandingandimpactfulcrisesinthehistoryofthedeafwasineducation.
Deafpeople"weresubduedtonon-deafpractices,havingtoabandontheirculture,theiridentityasdeafandhaveundergonea'ethnocentrichearing',havingtoimitatethemforover100years"[12].
AccordingtoQuadros[12]thiscrisesoccurredafter1880whentheInternationalConferenceofTeachersoftheDeafinMilandiscussedandanalyzedtheimportanceofthethreerivalmethodsofteaching:signlanguage,oralandmixed(signlanguageandoral).
MostofthecountriesofEuropequicklyadoptedtheoralmethodinschoolsfordeaf,forbiddingsignlan-guage.
Thatwasthebeginningoftheghtfordeafpeople'sculturallinguisticright[12].
Perlin[13]afrmsthatthisprejudiceagainstthedeafculturestilloccurstoday.
Manycountriesallowsignlanguageonlyifstudentsfailwiththeoralizationofspokenandwrittenlanguage.
AccessibleIconsforDeaf:AnUXApproach125Sá[14]arguesthatthedeafculturewantstoberecognizedascultureinasocialcontext.
Butbeingminorityitisdominatedbythedominantculture(cultureoflisteners).
Forthisreason,deafcultureisrecreatedalmosteveryday.
Therefore,Sá[14]under-standsthatdeafpeopledonothaveacultureoftheirown.
Theyinteractamongeachotherbuttendtoturnawayfromlistenersbylackofunderstanding,whichcreatestheillusionofarealcultureoftheirown.
Eventhough,theyinsistondemonstratingthattheyhavetheircultureandthatwillnotchangebecauseoftheprejudiceofthelisteners.
Deafcultureisconstructedbysocietyasasubculture,asitaimstomakethedeafacceptedinsociety.
Thissubcultureisnotformedbyaminority,butbytheminorityoftheminority[15].
And,accordingtoJeffMcWhinney,ExecutiveDirectoroftheBritishAssociationoftheDeafintheyear2001,deafcommunityisacommunityproudofitself.
Theyareproudoftheirculture,proudofitshistoryandproudofitslanguage.
Perlin[13]arguesthatdeafchildrenshouldhave,fromanearlyage,contactwithdeafadults,becauseatthesametimethattheylearnsignlanguage,theyalsocreateapsychosocialandculturalidentitywiththedeafcommunity.
Anotherimportantpartofthedeafcultureconsistsinwriting-signalorSignwriting.
Thisistheresultofthesearchforasystemofsignlanguagerepresentation.
Thedevelopmentofthiswritingsystemwasinterruptedforseveralyearsduetoforeclosureandthenon-recognitionofdeafculture.
TheSignwritingwascreatedinthe90'sbyValerieSuttonoftheDeafActionCommittee(DAC),California,USA.
ItisbasedonasystemthatSuttoncreatedtowritedownthedancersmoves.
TheSignwritingiscomposedofsymbolsthatrepresentthesignlanguagebothschematicandgraphically.
Itworksasanalphabeticwritingsystem,inwhichthefundamentalgraphicunitsrepresentfundamentalgesturesunits,theirpropertiesandrelationships.
TheauthorstatesthattheSignwritingcanregisteranysignlanguageintheworldwithoutpassingthroughthetranslationofthespokenlanguage.
Eachlanguageofsignsneedstoadaptittotheirownspellingsystem[16].
Therearealsoinstitutionsthatarehelpingdeafculturewithtechnology.
TheBoardofDirectorsoftheNationalEducationDevelopmentFund(FNDE)isoneofthem,andsinceSeptember82003,byresolutionn26,isinvestingnancialresourcesforthedevelopmentofsoftwaretotranslatetextsfromPortuguesetoLIBRAS.
3RelatedResearchDeafdeveloptheirownculturebasedprimarilyonthevisualchanneltoacquireinformationbecausetheyhaveuniquemannersandcharacteristics.
However,asstatedbyMoura[17],itisthroughlanguagethatpeoplegivemeaningtotheworldinwhichtheylive.
Thus,notonlytheunderstandingofeachwordinuencesthesimpleactofbrowsingatawebpageforexample,butalsotheshapeofcognitiveorganizationregardingtheinformationinthelong-termmemory[18].
AccordingtoFajardo[18]listenersanddeafadoptdifferentformsofscanninginformationavailableonaninterface.
Theformerseeksemantichypertextstandards,whichmeansthattheyseekmeaningfulwords.
Whilethelatteralmostneverusesemanticpatternsbuttheyperformarandomsearchofallvisualinformationonthescreen.
Thedeafhasamoreaccuratevisuallanguageandtheyreadimagesaslistenersreadatexto[9,19].
Fajardo[18]hadexperimentedusingimagesashyperlinksinordertoverifyhownavigationfordeaf126A.
C.
Ribasetal.
userswouldbelikeontheWeb.
Theyconcludedthattheseusersfoundmoreeasilytheinformationandtooklesstimescanningthepagesthanonverbalinterfaces.
Inaddi-tion,theyconcludedthatifapagehasmanysubpages(whichmightincreasethesemanticprocess)theperformanceongraphicinterfacewascompromised.
Thishap-penedbecauseimageswithsimilarfeatureshavesimilarmeanings,whichmakesitdifculttodistinguishbetweenthetwo,hinderingnavigation.
ForthisreasonReitsma,Galen[20]andFajardo[18]pointoutthaticonscanbeusedtorepresentcertainactions,becauseaniconislikelytobeeasierunderstoodbyadeaf.
However,iconsmaybemisunderstoodwhentheyportraitwordswithabstractmeaning.
Inthiscasesignsareusuallyabetterchoice.
Asignisanimagethatdoesnothaveanysemblancewiththerealobjectorinformation,suchastransitsigns.
Inaddition,iconicsignsbasedonmetaphor,whichareiconsthatrepresentrealobjects,areusuallypertinentforthedeaf.
Theseiconsaremeaningfultotheuserbecausetheyrepresentanobjectwithquality.
Butthisrepresentationcanbesubjective,becausetheiconsaredesignedtoaspeciccultureorusers.
Thatistosaythaticonsarecreatedbasedonrealelements,whicharepartofthecultureoftheselectedusers,butalsodependontheperceptionoftheuserandtherepresentativenessoftheicondesign.
Inthissense,thedesignersofvisualelements(designers,painters,sculptorsandothers),inmanycases,areunawareofthecharacteristicsandcultureofthedeaf,nottakingintoconsiderationmanyaspects,whichareonlyperceivedbythedeaf.
ForthisreasontheUXapproachhighlightstheimportancetoinvolvetheuserinordertodeveloporevaluateavisualelementinaccessibilityissues.
Formiga[21]andFekete[22]arguethatagraphicsymbolusedintheWeb,hasadvantageovertexts,becausethesignshavefreelanguageandasinglesignisenoughtopresentinformationaccessibletomostpeoplebecauseitdoesnotrequiretheknowledgeofthewrittenlanguage.
Nextsectiondiscussesthendingsofasystematicliteraturereviewoncriteriatodevelopiconsaccessibletodeaf.
4AccessibleIconsforDeafThesystematicliteraturereviewwasconductedbasedonScopus(www.
scopus.
com),CAPESjournalsandWebofScience(webofknowledge.
com).
Thepapersanalyzedbringrelevantinformationaboutdeafaccessibilityanddeafness,butnoneincludethetopicicon+deaf.
Thesearchwasrestrictedtofullpapers,publishedinthelastveyearsthathadinthetitleoneofthefollowingkeywords:informationvisualization,deaf,visualperception,icons,informationdisplayandvisualsense.
Thesekeywordswerechosenprioritizingthosewithahigherfrequencyonapreliminarysearch.
Thesekeywordswerecombinedtoperformthesearch,suchas:"Informationvisualizationanddeaf";"visualperceptionofthedeaf";"visualperceptionofdeaf"andicons;"deafinformationdisplay"andiconse"visualsense"anddeaf.
Table1showsthenalcombinationofkeywordsandthenumberofdocumentsfoundonScopus,CAPESandWebofscience.
Aftertheselectionofall64papers,theirabstractswereanalysed.
Theanalysischose5papersfromScopus,5papersfromCapesand3fromWebofscience.
AccessibleIconsforDeaf:AnUXApproach127Thisnalselectionwasbasedonthepertinenceofthecontentandexcludedallrepetitions.
Theanalysisofthe11papersfollows.
Thepaper"UniversalUseofInformationDeliveryandDisplaySystemusingAdhocNetworkforDeafPeopleinTimesofDisaster"[23]discussvisualmessagestoalertdeafpeopleaboutriskactivity,suchasearthquake,oodandstorm.
Theauthorsconcludedthatthesystemisusefultosupportboththeelderlyandhearingimpairedindisaster.
However,itwouldbeimportanttomakesomechangesinthesizeofthecharactersanditsbrightness.
Thepaper"Visualimpairmentinthehearingimpairedstudents"[24],discussesoccurrencesofvisionproblemsinchildrenwithhearingdisabilities.
Theauthorcon-cludedthatthereisnodifferencewhencomparedwithchildrenwithoutdisabilities.
Thesedeciencies,ifdetectedbelatedly,couldaggravatetheeducationalandsocialdisability.
Theotherpaperanalyzedwas"Thestudyofthetactualandvisualreceptionofngerspelling"[25].
Theauthordemonstratestheinteractionandcommunicationofdeaf-blindstudent,whichusesthereceptionoftactilengerspelling(alsoknowledgeasthengeralphabetorhandalphabet)tocommunicateandacquireknowledge.
Inthismethod,thehandsofpeoplewhoaredeaf-blindareplacedonthesender'ssidetomonitorthehandshapesandmovementsassociatedwiththelettersofthehandalphabet.
Thepaper"Theexchangeabilityofspeechbycognitivemetaphors"[26]dealswithissuessuchasinformationvisualizationofdeafpeopleusingsymbolicsystems.
Burmeisterusedmetaphorsasthebackgroundforthesemanticofsymbolsystems,whichisbasedonPiaget'swork.
Theauthorstatesthatmetaphorrepresentsatypeofprelingualthinking.
InanotherpaperBurmeister[27]intendstogeneralizegiventechniquesinmod-elingsemanticcontent.
Thepaper"Asemanticapproachforuserdependinginfor-mationvisualization"Burmeister[27]discussesthesetechniquestothepurposeoftransferringthemfromindustrialapplicationscenariosandapplyintoprojectsforeveryone'sneeds.
Theauthorfoundthatdeafpeopleassimilateinformationdifferentlythanhearingonesandheseeksformethodstomapsemanticroleswiththeirsituationdependentusagetopropermetaphors.
Heexplainsthatthesignlanguageofdeafpeoplemaybearicheldtoextractsuchmetaphors,becausegesturesencodenotonlyintentionalaspectsofinformationbutaresituationdependentvisualizationsofcontent.
Thus,Burmeisterproposestorelyonlinguisticresearchconcerningthedecompositionofsignlanguageinbasicsemanticunits.
Table1.
KeywordsandnumberofdocumentsfoundonScopus,CAPESandWebofSciencedatabase.
KeywordsScopusCAPESWebofscience"Informationvisualization"+deaf203"visualperception"+deaf2462"visualperceptionofdeaf"+icons000"Deafinformationdisplay"+icons000"Visualsense"+deaf314Finalselectedpapers533128A.
C.
Ribasetal.
Anotherrelevantworkisadissertationentitledthe"Visualityofthedeafinthecontextofaudio-visualeducation"[28].
Inthisworktheauthoraddressedthemesfocusingonaudio-visualnarrativesfordeafpeoplewhoarebeginningonacademia.
Oneaspectthatdrewattentionwasthelackofimportancethedeafcommunitygivetoproduceaudio-visualproducts.
MostproductionsareadaptedforsubtitlesorwindowswithLIBRASinterpreter.
Thepaper"Perceptionoftemporalpatternsbydeafandhearingadults"[29]comparedperformanceofunder-graduatedeafstudentsandlisteners.
Bothhadthesameperformancewhenitcomestosimpleactivities,butwhenactivitiesweremorecomplexthedeafstudenthadadisadvantageoverthelistener,becausethetemporalperceptionmodelofthedeafisdifferent.
ThiswasalreadyevidentintheworkwrittenbyTemplin[30]entitled"Acomparisonofthespellingachievementofnormalanddefectivehearingsubjects".
Templin[30]analyzederrorsofspellingamongthreegroups:78participantsweredeaf,78hadhearingdisabilities(listensomething)and78childrenwhosehearingwasnormal.
Templinconcludedthatdeafstudentshavemoredifcultyinwritingandmisspelledmorethanstudentswithhearingimpairments.
Inaddition,thosewithhearingdisabilitiesmisspelledmorethanthenon-disabled.
Thismighthappenedbecausetheperceptionofgroupsdifferswithrespecttotheirculture(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation).
Thepaper"MakingSenseofanUnexpectedDetrimentalEffectofSignLanguageUseinaVisualTask"[31]discussesasurveyconductedinItalytocheckthedeafvisuospatialperformance.
Theycomparedperformancebetweenthoseusesignlanguagetothosewhodonotuse(nonsigners).
Theyconcludedthatstudentswhousesignlan-guagehaveahigherspatialinformationvisualizationcomparedtononsignersstudents.
Thepaperentitled"Requirementsofdeafuserofinformationvisualizationaninterdisciplinaryapproach"[32]dealswithmattersofavatarandviewingknowledge.
Burmeister[32]highlightstheimportanceofagoodvisualizationofinformationinordertoobtainacorrectmentalmodel.
Theauthorbelievesthattheunionofthegesturalmovementsoftheavatarstovisuallycomplementinformationconsideredabstracttothedeafuserhelpsintheunderstandingofpastinformation.
Anotherimportantworkaboutaccessibleiconsisamasterdissertation[33]thatdiscussesalearningenvironmentprototypewhereallhypertextsareicons.
Theauthorstates,"Theiconswerecreatedbyadeafdesigner,whoacceptedtovolunteerinthisresearch.
HeusedhiscreativityandthenappliedthetechniqueofcreativityIconSorting1".
Butnofurtherresearchabouticondesignwascarriedout.
5ConclusionConsideringthatdesignershavefewprinciplestoguideicondesign[34]designingaccessibleiconsbecomesachallengingtask.
Inaddition,Zender[34]reportsdepressinglyresultsabouticonunderstandingandhighlightstheneedforresearchesabouthowvisualsymbolsworkorhowtheymightbemadetoworkbetter.
Hence,this1IconSortingatechniquefordevelopmentoficonsusingcorrelatedsystemstoeverydaylife.
AccessibleIconsforDeaf:AnUXApproach129paperisarststeptowardunderstandingaccessibleiconsthatmightcontributetocreateaccessibleinterfaces.
Inaddition,theknowledgeinvolvedinthistaskmightbenetdesigningaccessiblevisual-basedelements.
Therefore,thispaperinvestigatedcriteriafordevelopmentofaccessibleicons,whichareeasilyrecognizedbydeaf.
Asystematicreviewofliteraturewascarriedoutinordertodescribethestateoftheartonthecriteriatodevelopicons.
Thesystematicliteraturereviewusedsixkeywordstoselect30articlesfromthreedatabases.
Theanalysisoftheabstractsresultedonelevenpapersselected.
Noneofthesepapersdescribescriteria,guidelinesorrecommendationsforthedevelopmentoficons,whichareaccessibletothedeaf.
Nonetheless,thepapersanalyzedbringrelevantinformationaboutaccessibilityfordeaf.
Zenderarguesthattheinteractionoftherightnumberofsymbolsandamoreaptcombinationofindividualsymbolsforthereferent,canimprovetheconstructionofaniconthatcommunicateswhatwasintended.
Zenderseesiconasacombinationofsymbols.
Infacttheicon"Paste"inMicrosoftWord,forexample,isacombinationofpapersheetandaclipboard.
Burmeistersupportsthequalitypartofthisargumentwhenhestatesthattheimportanceofagoodvisualizationofinformationinordertoobtainacorrectmentalmodel.
InapreviousworkZender[35]arguedthatcontextisthekeyconceptfordecodingthemeaningofsymbols.
Oncemore,Burmeisterndingsmayenrichthisstatementbecausehesuggeststhatgesturesencodenotonlyintentionalaspectsofinformationbutaresituationdependentvisualizationsofcontent.
Zenderenvisionsthreelevelsofcontextforagivenicon:theImmediate,theProximateandtheEnvironmentContext.
EnvironmentContextreferstotheenvironmentinwhichtheimagesfunction,suchasanairport.
ProximateContextisaniconcombinationinasystemrelatingtoanothertoclarifymeaning.
Forexample,elevatoriconnexttoescalatoriconhelpstoclarifymeaningofeach.
TheImmediateContextreferstoiconscombinedinthesamespacetoclarifymeaning.
Forexample,man+bed=hotel.
Therefore,theProximateContextperceptionfordeafpeoplemightdifferfromhearingonesbecausedeafalmostneverusesemanticpatternsbuttheyperformarandomsearchofallvisualinformationonthescreen[18].
Inaddition,theImmediateContextmighthaveastronginuenceontheunderstandingofaniconbythedeafbecauseimageswithsimilarfeatureshavesimilarmeanings,whichmakesitdifculttodistinguishbetweenthetwo[18].
Kosslynetal.
[36]exploredhowthebrainuses,stores,manipulatesandprocessesmentalvisualrepresentationstothinkandsolveproblems.
Theyfoundthatthebrainholdssimplerepresentationsoffamiliarobjectsinaspecicregion,whichcanberecalledintovisualworkingmemorytothinkandsolveproblems.
Thisopensthepossibilitythatpeopleshareasimilarimageforcommonobjects.
BasedonhisstudiesZender[34]proposes3rulesofthumbforicondesign:1.
Matchsymbolstodenition:individualsymbolsshouldmatchtodenitionsofthereferents.
Thismeansthatthedesignersneedtounderstandhowdeafpeopledenethereferent2.
Addsymbolstonarrowfocus:asymbolforeachreferentconceptisnecessary3.
Createsymbolhierarchy:insomeiconsasequenceofconceptsisanimportantfeatureofthereferentdenition130A.
C.
Ribasetal.
InadditiontotheserulesZendercallsattentionfortheimportanceofstudyfailuretoimprovesuccess.
Furtherstudieswillbecarriedouttoinvestigatehowinuenceofthecontextandthesethreerulesonaccessibleicondesign.
Acknowledgement.
TheauthorLucianeMariaFadelissponsoredbyCAPESFoundation,MinistryofEducationofBrazil.
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