Europeanwww

TurkishJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences10:415-422(2010)www.
trjfas.
orgISSN1303-2712DOI:10.
4194/trjfas.
2010.
0316PublishedbyCentralFisheriesResearchInstitute(CFRI)Trabzon,TurkeyincooperationwithJapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA),JapanLevelsofDDTsandindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinWhiting(MerlangiusmerlanguseuxinusN.
1840)andHorsemackerel(TrachurusmediterraneusS.
1868)fromthezmitBay,TurkeyIntroductionOrganochlorinecompoundssuchaspolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)and1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane(DDT)anditsmetabolitesareubiquitoustoxiccontaminants,duetotheirbioaccumulativecapacityandpersistenceandspecificphysico-chemicalproperties(Everaartsetal.
,1998).
PolychlorinatedbiphenylsbelongtoPersistentOrganicPollutants(POPs)groupofchemicalsprimarilyusedintransformers,capacitors,paintsandprintinginks,andalsoinmanyotherindustrialapplications.
Theyareamongsttheindustrialchemicalsbannedandincludedinthelistofprioritycontaminantstobemonitoredregularlyinthewesterncountries(Babu-Rajendranetal.
,2005).
Theyhavebeenreportedtocausevarietyofeffectsincludingimmunologic,teratogenic,carcinogenic,reproductiveandneurologicalproblemsinorganisms(Kodavantietal.
,1998).
Inaddition,somecongenershaveshownsomeeffectsontheendocrinesystemsuchasreducingserumconcentrationsofthethyroidhormones(Koopman-Esseboometal.
,1994).
ChlorinatedpesticidessuchasDDTareeffectivepestGulCelikCakirogullari1,*,SelcukSecer21MinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs.
AnkaraProvincialControlLaboratory,DepartmentofDioxinandPCBs,06170,Yenimahalle,Ankara,Turkey2AnkaraUniversity,FacultyofAgriculture,DepartmentofFisheriesandAquacultureEngineering,06110,Dkap,Ankara,Turkey.
*CorrespondingAuthor:Tel.
::+90.
3123150089-143;Fax:+90.
3123157934;E-mail:gcakirogullari@yahoo.
comReceived18May2009Accepted05March2010AbstractTheconcentrationsofindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)and1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane(DDT)anditsmetabolitesweredeterminedinwhiting(MerlangiusmerlanguseuxinusN.
1840)andhorsemackerel(TrachurusmediterraneusS.
1868)fromthezmitBay,Turkey.
TheresultsshowedthatthelevelsofthetotalPCBsrangedfrom1.
49to39.
69ng/gfreshweightinwhiting,andfrom5.
61to58.
61ng/gfreshweightinhorsemackerel.
TotalDDTsconcentrationswerefoundfrom1.
08to66.
73ng/gfreshweightinwhiting,and4.
69to116.
25ng/gfreshweightinhorsemackerel.
ConcentrationsofPCBsandDDTsinhorsemackerelwerefoundhigherthanthoseinwhiting.
CongenersIUPACNos.
52,101,153werefoundfrequentlyinwhitingandhorsemackerelsamples.
AnalysisofDDTanditsmetabolitesshowedthatp,p'-DDEwasdominantinbothofthefishspecies.
TotalPCBandDDTconcentrationsinfishsampleswerefoundlowerthanthemaximumresiduelimitsfixedbylegislations.
Keywords:Fish,organochlorinecontaminants,MarmaraSea.
Türkiye'dezmitKrfezi'ndenYakalananMezgit(MerlangiusmerlanguseuxinusN.
1840)vestavrit(TrachurusmediterraneusS.
1868)BalklarndaDDT'lerinvePoliklorluBifenillerinSeviyelerizetTürkiye'dezmitKrfezi'ndenyakalananmezgit(MerlangiusmerlanguseuxinusN.
1840)veistavrit(TrachurusmediterraneusS.
1868)balklarndaindikatrpoliklorlubifeniller(PCBs)ile1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane(DDT)vemetabolitleritespitedilmitir.
TotalPCB'lerinkonsantrasyonlarmezgitbalklarnda1,49-39,69ng/gyaarlkolarakbulunurken,istavritbalklarndaise5,61-58,61ng/gyaarlkolaraktespitedilmitir.
TotalDDTkonsantrasyonlarisemezgitbalnda1,08-66,73ng/gyaarlkolarakbulunurken,istavritbalklarnda4,69-116,25ng/gyaarlkolarakbulunmutur.
PCBveDDTkonsantrasyonlaristavritbalndamezgitbalnakyasladahayüksekbulunurken,herikibalktüründedetespitedilenenbasknbileenlerPCB52,PCB101,PCB153vep,p'-DDE'dir.
SonuolaraktotalPCBveDDTkonsantrasyonlarteblilerdebelirtilenmaksimumkalntlimitlerininaltndabulunmutur.
AnahtarKelimeler:Balk,organikklorlubileikler,MarmaraDenizi.
416G.
elikakroullarandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)controlchemicals,usedinagricultureandpublichealthactivities(malariaeradication,etc.
)worldwideforthepastseveraldecadesandarestillinuseinmanydevelopingcountries.
SimilartoPCBs,DDTsalsocauseendocrinedisruptionandarehazardoustohumanand/orenvironmentalhealth(Babu-Rajendranetal.
,2005).
Organochlorinesaccumulateinfatsofspeciesthroughoutthefoodchain(Barrieetal.
,1992).
Animaldietisgenerallyoneofthemajorroutesofcontaminantsintothehumanbody.
Inparticular,animportantsignificanceinthiscontexthasbeenattributedtofishandseafood(Alcocketal.
,1998).
Bayofzmit,locatedsouthofstanbulonthesoutheastoftheMarmaraSea,isthemostimportantsemi-enclosedbodyofwaterontheseaofMarmara.
SeaofMarmaraisaninlandbasinlocatedbetweentheBlackSeaandAegeanSea,andhasatwo-layerstratification(Alganetal.
,1999).
zmitBayisoneofthemostpollutedareasinTurkey.
Itisabout50kmsinlength,2-10kmsinwidthandhasasurfaceareaof310km2.
Itconsistsofthreedistrictpartswhichbehavesemi-independently.
TheEasternsector(innerpart)isveryshallow(30m)andconsistsofthemostpollutedpartoftheBay.
WhiletheindustriesofpetroleumarebasedintheCentralpart,theentrancetotheMarmaraSeathroughawideanddeepchannelislocatedintheWesternpart(outerpart)whichislesspollutedbecauseofbetterwaterexchange(Okayetal.
,2003).
TheCentralpartishighlyaffectedbytheheavyindustriesdischargingtheirwastewatersthroughDilRiverintotheBay(Morkoetal.
,2007).
Therearemorethan140largeindustrialplantsscatteredaroundtheBayandcommissioningoftheseand,particularly,theconsequenturbanisationofthecoastallandscapehavecompletelydestroyedBayofzmit(Telli-Karakoetal.
,2002).
ThelargestwastewatercontributioncomestotheBayfromzmit.
Directestimatesofindustrialinputsvaryfrom0.
1kg/daytoover10t/dayfortheindustryaroundthezmitcity(Legovicetal.
,1995).
OnAugust17,1999,apowerfulearthquakestrucktheMarmararegionandtheBayecosystemwasstronglyaffectedbythequakeandsubsequentrefineryfireaswellasthesettlementsandindustrialregions(Okayetal.
,2003).
ThemostwidelypublicisedandspectaculardamagetoanyindustrialfacilityoccurredatthemassiverefinerynearthetownKrfezoperatedbythestate-ownedoilcompany,Tüpra.
Followingtheearthquakethetankfarmoftherefineryburnedoutofcontrolforseveraldays(Tolunetal.
,2006)andfollowingtherefineryfirecausedbytheearthquake,thesurfacewatersoftheBaywerepartlycoveredbythickpetroleumlayersandbyafilm(Morkoetal.
,2007).
Aftertheearthquake,mostoftheindustrialtreatmentplantshadbeendamagedandtherefineryfirecausedanincreaseinthelevelsofpollutantdischargethroughPetkimChannel.
TheresultsofthelongtermmonitoringstudieshaveshownthatthewasteinputsviatheDilRiverandothersourcestothebaydrasticallyaffectedtheinnerbayecosystem.
Consequencesofthe1999earthquakeinthebayhaveshownatemporaryoccurenceofatwo-layerecosystemwithaverylowoxygencontentinthelowerlayer.
Suchasystemhasbeenshowntohavealimitedselfpurificationcapacityfororganicandnutrientinputs(Morkoetal.
,2007).
Inthisresearch,whitingandhorsemackerelsamplescollectedfromzmitBaywereanalyzedmonthlybetweenDecember-2003andNovember-2004todeterminethecontaminationlevelofindicatorpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandDDTcompoundsthreateningenvironmentandhumanhealthinzmitBay.
zmitBayisthemostimportantindustrialareaofTurkeyandisheavilyurbanized.
MostofthetoxicologystudiesinthezmitBayhavefocusedonthepolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsandheavymetals(Tolunetal.
,2001;Okayetal.
,2003),howeververylittleisknownonthePCBandDDTcontaminationinthebiotaofthezmitBay.
PCBlevelsinmusselsfromthestanbulstraitandthemostindustrializedbayoftheMarmaraSeawerepublishedandalsofoundtobehigh(Telli-Karakocetal.
,2002;Tolunetal.
,2007,Okayetal.
,2009).
IndicatorPCBsandtotalDDTsweredeterminedindifferentfishspeciescaughtfromMarmaraSea,Turkey.
Theresultswere209.
36and455.
09ng/gfatweightforhorsemackerel,363.
85and577.
43ng/gfatweightforwhitingrespectively(Coelhanetal.
,2006).
InanotherstudyPCBsandDDTsweredeterminedindifferentfishspeciesinBlackSea.
TotalPCBandDDTconcentrationswerefoundas140and280ng/gwetweightforwhiting,210and490ng/gwetweightforhorsemackerelrespectively(Tanabeetal.
,1997a).
HighconcentrationsoftoxiccoplanarPCBsandotherisomersweredetectedinthefishesthatwereusedasporpoises'feed.
Theresultswere50ng/gwetweightand140ng/gwetweightforEuropeananchovyandwhitingrespectively.
ItisconcludedthattheelevatedlevelsofPCBconcentrationsofsampleswerebecauseofthecontaminationofthecountriesaroundtheBlackSea(Tanabeetal.
,1997b).
Fishareanexcellentindicatororganismforpollutioninaquaticecosystems,wheretracecontaminantsaredifficulttoanalyzedirectly.
Theyalsogenerallypossessalowmetabolismfororganochlorinesandshouldreflectthelevelsofpollutionintheaquaticenvironment(Muiretal.
,1990).
However,studiesofpersistentpollutantsinspeciesfromthezmitBayareveryscarce.
Becauseofthereasonsmentionedabove,presentstudyaimstoevaluatetheoccurenceofthemostimportantorganohalogenatedpollutants,suchasDDTsandPCBs,inwhitingandhorsemackerelfishsamplesfromthezmitBay.
MaterialsandMethodsFishSamplesWhiting(MerlangiusmerlanguseuxinusG.
elikakroullarandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)417N.
1840)andhorsemackerel(TrachurusmediterraneusS.
1868)fishsamplesweretakenintheCentralFishMarketofthezmitcitybetweenDecember2003-November2004infivereplicates(tenindividualsforeachreplicateoffish).
FisheswerecaughtfromthezmitBay.
ThefishsampleswerewrappedinaluminumfoilandmaintainedatccordingtoCEN(1996).
AmongthePCBcongeners52,153,101and138congenerswerefounddominantinbothfishspecies.
Chlorinationoforganicchemicalsoftenincreasesboththeirpersistenceandtheirlipidsolubility.
ThereforePCBsbioaccumulateespeciallywell.
Increasingnumberofchlorinesincreasesbothlipidsolubilityandbioaccumulation.
However,theoptimalbioaccumulationcapacityisatabout6chlorines,probablybecausehigherchlorinatedcongeners(esp.
octa-)aresopoorlywatersolublethattheirbioavailabilityislow(Tuomistoetal.
,1999).
Ourresultsarealsoinaccordancewiththisfinding.
Inparticular,therangesoftotalPCB(∑ICES7)Table1.
TheconcentrationsofPCBsandDDTsinwhitingfishsamples(ng/gfreshweight)fromzmitBayinTurkey(2003-2004)CollectiontimesWhiting(Mean±SE)December2003January2004February2004March2004April2004May2004June2004July2004August2004September2004October2004November2004PCBcongenersPCB282.
86±0.
75n.
d*n.
d.
n.
d.
2.
48n.
d.
2.
53±0.
694.
46±1.
641.
42±0.
19n.
d.
2.
28n.
d.
PCB526.
95±1.
842.
75±0.
242.
02±0.
632.
295.
34±4.
234.
53±0.
3712.
01±4.
9721.
78±7.
919.
56±1.
43n.
d.
11.
18±8.
0714.
26±11.
42PCB10112.
56±2.
692.
66±0.
69n.
d.
n.
d.
4.
94±2.
52n.
d.
2.
01±0.
761.
88±0.
183.
19±1.
431.
49±0.
16n.
d.
1.
03PCB1183.
52±0.
31n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
48±0.
061.
25±0.
03n.
d.
n.
d.
3.
85n.
d.
PCB1384.
21±1.
161.
24n.
d.
n.
d.
4.
37±0.
64n.
d.
3.
35±0.
562.
13±0.
351.
28±0.
08n.
d.
1.
60±0.
07n.
d.
PCB1536.
41±1.
451.
35±0.
31n.
d.
1.
065.
16±0.
791.
37±0.
094.
30±0.
483.
94±0.
802.
79±0.
34n.
d.
1.
44±0.
10n.
d.
PCB1803.
19±0.
38n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
2.
92±0.
01n.
d.
1.
39±0.
201.
15n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
87ΣICES7PCB39.
698.
002.
023.
3525.
195.
9027.
0636.
5918.
241.
4920.
3417.
15DDTmetaboliteso,o'-DDE10.
83±3.
19n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
50±0.
21n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
o,p'-DDE8.
46±2.
31n.
d.
1.
40n.
d.
3.
68±2.
16n.
d.
3.
43±1.
20n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
48±0.
22n.
d.
1.
08p,p'-DDE25.
56±4.
989.
03±1.
325.
06±1.
385.
15±1.
1014.
80±2.
17n.
d.
13.
61±3.
237.
86±1.
832.
93±0.
47n.
d.
13.
27±0.
77n.
d.
o,p'-DDDn.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
p,p'-DDD14.
66±3.
873.
52±0.
753.
35±0.
322.
06±0.
285.
49±1.
832.
60±0.
098.
37±1.
333.
32±0.
35n.
d.
5.
804.
68n.
d.
o,p'-DDT1.
89±0.
44n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
51n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
p,p'-DDT5.
33±1.
441.
30±0.
281.
47±0.
201.
61±0.
052.
70±0.
07n.
d.
4.
99±2.
09n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
3.
50n.
d.
ΣDDTs66.
7313.
8511.
278.
8229.
672.
6030.
4011.
182.
937.
2821.
451.
08p,p'-DDE/Σp,p'-DDTs0.
560.
650.
510.
580.
64-0.
500.
70--0.
62-Lipidcontent(%)2.
61±0.
01.
78±0.
011.
69±0.
011.
23±0.
01.
16±0.
01.
05±0.
00.
95±0.
01.
11±0.
011.
22±0.
01.
57±0.
051.
95±0.
012.
30±0.
0Length(cm)30.
0±0.
131.
6±0.
230.
5±0.
231.
1±0.
232.
2±0.
232.
0±0.
231.
8±0.
233.
0±0.
332.
4±0.
232.
5±0.
231.
1±0.
130.
4±0.
1*notdetected418G.
elikCakirogullariandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)Table2.
TheconcentrationsofPCBsandDDTsinhorsemackerelfishsamples(ng/gfreshweight)fromzmitBayinTurkey(2003-2004)CollectiontimesHorsemackerel(Mean±SE)December2003January2004February2004March2004April2004May2004June2004July2004August2004September2004October2004November2004PCBcongenersPCB28n.
d.
*n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
57±0.
393.
994.
06±1.
284.
19±0.
533.
28±0.
691.
49±0.
32n.
d.
n.
d.
PCB522.
58±0.
782.
75±0.
4513.
66±3.
896.
48±1.
355.
96±1.
53n.
d.
8.
58±0.
7225.
82±6.
9010.
37±0.
69n.
d.
13.
75±10.
211.
82±0.
09PCB1011.
65±0.
282.
44±0.
681.
30n.
d.
2.
39±0.
35n.
d.
8.
59±1.
569.
92±2.
673.
17±1.
054.
26±0.
983.
34±0.
23n.
d.
PCB1181.
39±0.
172.
32n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
2.
98±0.
382.
82±0.
38n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
79PCB1382.
71±0.
572.
16±0.
74n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
5.
52±0.
463.
89±0.
572.
15±0.
361.
66±0.
34n.
d.
2.
31±0.
07PCB1533.
14±0.
472.
16±0.
541.
10n.
d.
1.
29±0.
021.
63±0.
058.
02±0.
8810.
56±4.
764.
28±0.
592.
34±0.
2120.
573.
21±0.
47PCB180n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
90±0.
271.
41±0.
121.
88±0.
44n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
ΣICES7PCB11.
4811.
8316.
056.
4811.
195.
6139.
6458.
6125.
149.
7537.
669.
13DDTmetaboliteso,o'-DDEn.
d.
1.
19±0.
122.
01±0.
62n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
542.
532.
23n.
d.
3.
43±1.
921.
13±0.
054.
83±1.
61o,p'-DDEn.
d.
2.
12±0.
99n.
d.
n.
d.
2.
20±0.
64n.
d.
13.
52±3.
1914.
31±2.
408.
53±2.
035.
532.
23±1.
09n.
d.
p,p'-DDE43.
27±6.
4626.
00±11.
037.
41±1.
434.
47±0.
846.
29±0.
8315.
59±0.
3736.
92±3.
4725.
84±3.
5510.
58±1.
3631.
43±12.
31n.
d.
7.
43±0.
71o,p'-DDD3.
28±0.
505.
47±0.
691.
58±0.
301.
33±0.
07n.
d.
n.
d.
14.
39±8.
6133.
99±10.
14n.
d.
14.
94±1.
431.
34±0.
12n.
d.
p,p'-DDD17.
44±3.
3315.
30±4.
945.
19±1.
183.
80±0.
453.
96±0.
9514.
21±0.
7145.
99±6.
0031.
83±6.
4213.
85±2.
56n.
d.
n.
d.
3.
36±0.
08o,p'-DDT2.
20±0.
3921.
54±5.
44n.
d.
n.
d.
1.
04n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
p,p'-DDT9.
80±2.
094.
36±0.
052.
59±0.
53n.
d.
n.
d.
n.
d.
2.
91±0.
482.
93±0.
78n.
d.
5.
05±2.
02n.
d.
n.
d.
ΣDDTs75.
9975.
9718.
799.
6013.
4831.
33116.
25111.
1232.
9660.
364.
6915.
62p,p'-DDE/Σp,p'-DDTs0.
610.
570.
490.
540.
610.
520.
430.
430.
430.
86-0.
69Lipidcontent(%)14.
14±0.
1411.
04±0.
069.
44±0.
098.
01±0.
057.
71±0.
036.
25±0.
026.
06±0.
015.
37±0.
034.
57±0.
016.
66±0.
0610.
95±0.
1013.
14±0.
04Length(cm)15.
2±0.
216.
1±0.
115.
8±0.
115.
7±0.
116.
0±0.
115.
1±0.
115.
0±0.
115.
3±0.
214.
9±0.
114.
8±0.
114.
7±0.
215.
3±0.
2*notdetectedG.
elikCakirogullariandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)419420G.
elikakroullarandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)concentrationsinfishsampleswere1.
49(September2004)-39.
69(December2003)ng/gfreshweightinwhitingand5.
61(May2004)-58.
61(July2004)ng/gfreshweightinhorsemackerelrespectively.
AmongtheDDTmetabolitesp,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDDandp,p'-DDTmetaboliteswerefounddominantinbothfishspecies.
Inparticular,therangesoftotalDDT(sumofthesevenmetabolites)concentrationsinfishsampleswere1.
08(November2004)-66.
73(December2003)ng/gfreshweightinwhitingand4.
69(October2004)-116.
25(June2004)ng/gfreshweightinhorsemackerelrespectively.
Inmarinemammals,aratioofp,p'-DDE/∑p,p'-DDTs(∑p,p'-DDTs=p,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD)below0.
6hasbeenconsideredasfreshDDTexposure(Aguilar,1984;Coelhanetal.
,2006).
Inthepresentstudy,therangesofthisvalueinfishsampleswas0.
50-0.
70inwhitingand0.
43-0.
86inhorsemackerelrespectively.
ThevaluesarelistedinTables1and2.
IngeneraltotalDDTconcentrationswerefoundhigherthantotalPCBconcentrationsinbothofthefishspecies.
Moreover,theconcentrationsofPCBsandDDTmetabolitesshowedthattheresiduallevelsinfishsampleswerealwaysbelowtheMRLsfixedbylegislationsofvariouscountries(HietaniemiandKumpulainen,1995;USEPA.
,2000;EC.
ELICC.
,2004;Julshamnetal.
,2004).
TheresultsobtainedshowthepresenceoflowconcentrationsofDDTmetabolitesandindicatorPCBsinbothfishspeciescaughtinthezmitBay,Turkey.
RegardingthecontentoftheDDTmetabolitesandPCBcongenersonlyp,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,PCB52andPCB153werefoundinalmostallfishsamples.
Thepresenceofp,p'-DDEcouldbecorrelatedtoaprevioususeofDDTinagriculturalactivity,tohighenvironmentalpersistencebecauseoftheirchemicalandthermalstability,todifferentclimaticenvironmentalconditions,tomarinecurrents,todifferentmigratoryhabitsofaquaticorganismsandtodifferentfeedinghabitsasDiBellaetal.
(2006)mentioned.
Thebioaccumulationoforganochlorinecompoundsisacomplexphenomenongovernedbyeitherphysico-chemicalpropertiesofthesecompoundsorecologicalandbiologicalfactorssuchasfeedingbehaviours,growthrate,habit,age,sex,stateofhealthaswellasthelipidcompositionofananimal'stissueororgans(Barlas,1999;RobertsonandHansen,2001;Storellietal.
,2004;DiBellaetal.
,2006).
Inthepresentstudy,thereisnocorrelationbetweentheconcentrationofcontaminantandtheamountoflipidinthefish.
Stowetal.
(1997)determinedthatlipidcontentisnotavariableinPCBbodyburdensamongspecies.
Ourresultsareinaccordancewiththisobservation.
ThissituationmayreflectrelativelyrapidchangesinlipidcontentwithinindividualfishascomparedtotheslowuptakeanddepurationofpersistentorganiccontaminantswithinthesamefishasManchester-Neesvigetal.
(2001)mentioned.
Alsothelipidcontentofwhitingwaslow,1.
55±0.
53%,anddidnotchangesignificantlythroughouttheyear.
Contaminationlevelsinhorsemackerelsamplesshowvalues,intermsoftotalDDTconcentration,similartothosefoundbyCoelhanetal.
(2006)inhorsemackerelandlowerthanthosereportedbyTanabeetal.
(1997a),butinwhitinghigherthanthosereportedfromtheMarmaraSeainTurkey(Coelhanetal.
,2006)andlowerthanthosereportedbyTanabeetal.
(1997a)fromtheBlackSea.
Thisstudyaboutcontaminationinhorsemackerelshowsvalues,intermsoftotalindicatorPCBconcentration,lowerthanthosefoundinhorsemackerelfromtheMarmaraSeainTurkey(Coelhanetal.
,2006)butinwhitinghigherthanthosereportedbyCoelhanetal.
(2006)andlowerthanthosereportedbyTanabeetal.
(1997b).
Ingeneral,DDTsandindicatorPCBscontaminationislowerinsamplesfromthezmitBaythaninsamplesfromtheBlackSea.
SomestudiesindicatethatDDTisstillusedillegallyinagricultureandhasbeenusedintensivelyinrecentyearsinthecountriesaroundtheBlackSea(Tanabeetal.
,1997a;Tunceretal.
,1998;Barlas,1999;Fillmannetal.
,2002;Coelhanetal.
,2006).
Inconclusion,generallyhigherconcentrationsweredeterminedinhorsemackerelsamplesthanwhitingsamplesbutthelowresiduallevelsofPCBcongenersandmetabolitesofDDTinfishsamplesatconcentrationsbelowlegislationlimitsindicateasituationwithouttoxicologicalrisksforanimalandhumanhealth.
AcknowledgementsThisstudywassupportedbytheTurkishMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairsthroughgrantnoTAGEM/GY/03/11/01/097.
WewouldliketothankMr.
zdenelik,Mr.
MesutzbenandMr.
Serkanakroullarfortheirvaluableassistanceinsampling.
ReferencesAguilar,A.
1984.
RelationshipofDDE/∑DDTinmarinemammalstothechronologyofDDTinputintotheecosystem.
CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences,41:840-844.
Alcock,R.
E.
,Behnisch,P.
A.
,Jones,K.
C.
andHagenmaier,H.
1998.
Dioxin-likePCBsintheenvironment-humanexposureandthesignificanceofsources.
Chemosphere,37(8):1457-1472.
Algan,O.
,Altok,H.
andYüce,H.
1999.
Seasonalvariationofsuspendedparticulatematterintwo-layeredzmitBay,Turkey.
EstuarineCoastalandShelfScience,49:235-250.
Babu-Rajendran,R.
,Imagawa,T.
,Tao,H.
andRamesh,R.
2005.
DistributionofPCBs,HCHsandDDTs,andtheirecotoxicologicalimplicationsinBayofBengal,India.
EnvironmentInternational,31:503-512.
Barlas,M.
E.
1999.
DeterminationoforganochlorinepesticidesresiduesinaquaticsystemandorganismsinG.
elikakroullarandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)421upperSakaryaBasin,Türkiye.
BulletinofEnvironmentalContaminationandToxicology,62:278-285.
Barrie,L.
A.
,Gregor,D.
,Hargrave,B.
,Lake,R.
,Muir,D.
,Shearer,R.
,Tracey,B.
andBidleman,T.
1992.
Arcticcontaminants:sources,occurenceandpathways.
ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,122(1-2):1-74.
CEN.
1996.
EuropeanStandard.
EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization.
ICS67.
040.
CEN1528(1-4).
November1996.
Brussels.
Coelhan,M.
,Strohmeier,J.
andBarlas,H.
2006.
OrganochlorinelevelsinediblefishfromtheMarmaraSea,Turkey.
EnvironmentalInternational,32:775-780.
DiBella,G.
,Licata,P.
,Bruzzese,A.
,Naccari,C.
,Trombetta,D.
,LoTurco,V.
,Dugo,G.
,Richetti,A.
andNaccari,F.
2006.
Levelsandcongenerpatternofpolychlorinatedbiphenylandorganochlorinepesticideresiduesinbluefintuna(Thunnusthynnus)fromtheStraitsofMessina(Sicily,Italy).
EnvironmentInternational,32:705-710.
EC.
ELICC.
,2004.
EuropeanCommission,DioxinsandPCBs:Environmentallevelsandhumanexposureincandidatecountries.
Reference:ENV.
C.
2.
/SER/2002/0085.
Finalreport.
ELICC.
Consortium:EnvironmentallevelsincandidatecountriesundersupervisionofGuntherUmlauf(JRC).
BIPRO(Beratungsgesellschaftfürintegrierteproblemlsungen).
Brussels,333pp.
EC.
SANCO.
2004.
SANCO/825/00rev.
7.
EuropeanCommission.
DirectorateGeneralHealthandConsumerProtection.
Brussels,16pp.
Everaarts,J.
M.
,VanWeerlee,E.
M.
,Fischerm,C.
V.
andHillebrand,Th.
J.
1998.
Polychlorinatedbiphenylsandcyclicpesticidesinsedimentsandmacro-invertebratesfromthecoastalzoneandcontinentalslopeofKenya.
MarinePollutionBulletin,36(6):492-500.
Fillmann,G.
,Readman,J.
W.
,Tolosa,I.
,Bartocci,J.
,Villeneuve,J.
P.
,Cattini,C.
andMee,L.
D.
2002.
PersistentorganochlorineresiduesinsedimentsfromtheBlackSea.
MarinePollutionBulletin,44:122-133.
Hietaniemi,V.
andKumpulainen,J.
T.
1995.
ContentsofPCBs,OrganochlorinePesticideResiduesandPAHCompoundsinFinnishFoodstuffs.
Intoim.
JormaKumpulainen.
Proceedingsofthetechnicalworkshopontraceelements,naturalantioxidantsandcontaminants.
Helsinki-EspooAugust25-26,August.
REUTechnicalSeries:49:157-167.
Julshamn,K.
,Lundebye,A.
K.
,Heggstad,K.
,Berntssen,M.
H.
G.
andBoe,B.
2004.
NorwegianmonitoringprogrammeontheinorganicandorganiccontaminantsinfishcaughtintheBarentsSea,NorwegianSeaandNorthSea,1994-2001.
FoodAdditivesandContaminants,21(4):365-376.
Kodavanti,P.
R.
S.
,Ward,T.
R.
,Derr-Yellin,E.
C.
,Mundy,W.
R.
,Casey,A.
C.
,Bush,B.
andTilson,H.
A.
1998.
Congener-specificdistributionofPCBsinbrainregions,blood,liver,andfateofadultratsfollowingrepeatedexposuretoAroclor1254.
ToxicologyandAppliedPharmacology,153(2):199-210.
Koopman-Esseboom,C.
Morse,D.
C.
,Weisglas-Kuperus,N.
,Lutkeschipholt,I.
J.
,VenderPaauw,C.
G.
,Tuinstra,L.
G.
M.
T.
,Brouwer,A.
andSauer,P.
J.
J.
1994.
Effectsofdioxinsandpolychlorinatedbiphenylsonthyroidhormonestatusofpregnantwomenandtheirinfants.
PediatricResearch,36:468-473.
Legovic,T.
,Morko,E.
,Okay,O.
S.
,Egesel,L.
,Tüfeki,V.
andTüfeki,H.
1995.
MassbalanceoftotalphosphorusinthezmitBay.
WaterScienceandTechnology,32(2):193-198.
Manchester-Neesvig,J.
B.
,Valters,K.
andSonzogni,W.
C.
2001.
ComparisonofPolybrominatedDiphenylEthers(PBDEs)andPolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)inLakeMichiganSalmonids.
EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,35(6):1-17.
Meng,K.
C.
andSzelewski,M.
J.
2000.
FastscreeningofPCBcongenersusingtheAgilent6890/5973NGC/MSDsystem.
Agilentapplicationnote.
AgilentTechnologies,Inc.
2850CentervilleRoadWilmington,DE19808-1610USA,4pp.
Morko,E.
,Legovic,T.
,Okay,O.
,Tüfeki,H.
,Tüfeki,V.
,Tolun,L.
andKarako,F.
2007.
ChangesofoceanographiccharacteristicsandthestateofpollutioninthezmitBayfollowingtheearthquakeof1999.
EnvironmentalGeology,53:103-112.
Muir,D.
C.
G.
,Norstrom,R.
J.
andSimon,M.
1990.
Organochlorineinarcticmarinefoodchains:accumulationofspecificpolychlorinatedbiphenylsandchlordane-relatedcompounds.
EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,22:1071-1079.
Okay,O.
S.
,Tolun,L.
,Telli-Karako,F.
,Tüfeki,V.
,Tüfeki,H.
,Olgun,A.
andMorko,E.
2003.
ThechangesofT-PAHlevelsandhealthstatusofmusselsinzmitbay(Turkey)afterMarmaraearthquakeandsubsequentrefineryfire.
EnvironmentInternational,28:671-675.
Okay,O.
S.
,Karack,B.
,Baak,S.
,Henkelmann,B.
,Bernhft,S.
andSchramm,K.
W.
2009.
PCBsandPCDD/Finsedimentsandmusselsofthestanbulstrait(Turkey).
Chemosphere,76(2):159-166.
Robertson,L.
W.
andHansen,L.
G.
2001.
PCBsRecentAdvencesinEnvironmentalToxicologyandHealthEffects.
TheUniversityPressofKentucky,663SouthLimestoneStreet,Lexington,Kentucky40508-4008,USA,449pp.
Storelli,M.
M.
,Storelli,A.
,Barone,G.
andMarcotrigiano,G.
O.
2004.
PolychlorinatedbiphenylandorganochlorinepesticideresiduesinLophiusbudegassafromtheMediterraneanSea(Italy).
MarinePollutionBulletin,48:743-748.
Stow,C.
A.
,Jackson,L.
J.
andAmrhein,J.
F.
1997.
AnexaminationofthePCB:lipidrelationshipamongindividualfish.
CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences,54:1031-1038.
Tanabe,S.
,Madhusree,B.
,ztürk,A.
A.
,Tatsukawa,R.
,Miyazaki,N.
,zdamar,E.
,Aral,O.
,Samsun,O.
andztürk,B.
1997a.
Persistentorganochlorineresiduesinharbourporpoise(Phocoenaphocoena)fromtheBlackSea.
MarinePollutionBulletin,34(5):338-347.
Tanabe,S.
,Madhusree,B.
,ztürk,A.
A.
,Tatsukawa,R.
,Miyazaki,N.
,zdamar,E.
,Aral,O.
,SamsunO.
andztürk,B.
1997b.
Isomer-specificanalysisofpolychlorinatedbiphenylsinharbourporpoise(Phocoenaphocoena)fromtheBlackSea.
MarinePollutionBulletin,34(9):712-720.
Telli-Karako,F.
,Tolun,L.
,Henkelmann,B.
,Klimm,C.
,Okay,O.
andSchramm,K.
W.
2002.
Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)andpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)distributionsintheBayofMarmaraSea:zmitBay.
EnvironmentalPollution,119:383-422G.
elikakroullarandS.
Secer/Turk.
J.
Fish.
Aquat.
Sci.
10:415-422(2010)397.
Tolun,L.
G.
,Okay,O.
S.
,Gaines,A.
F.
,Tolay,M.
,Tüfeki,H.
andKratl,N.
2001.
ThepollutionstatusandthetoxicityofsurfacesedimentsinzmitBay(MarmaraSea),Turkey.
EnvironmentInternational,26:163-168.
Tolun,L.
,Martens,D.
,Okay,O.
S.
,Schramm,K.
W.
2006.
PolycyclicaromatichydrocarboncontaminationincoastalsedimentsofthezmitBay(MarmaraSea):CasestudiesbeforeandafterthezmitEarthquake.
EnvironmentInternational,32:758-765.
Tolun,L.
,Telli-Karakoc,F.
,Henkelmann,B.
,Schramm,K.
W.
andOkay,O.
S.
2007.
PCBpollutionofzmitBay(MarmaraSea)musselsaftertheearthquake.
In:E.
MehmetliandB.
Koumanova(Eds.
),NATOScienceforPeaceandSecuritySeriesC:EnvironmentalSecurity.
TheFateofPersistentOrganicPollutantsintheEnvironment.
SpringerNetherlands:127-139.
Tuncer,G.
,Karakas,T.
,Balkas,T.
I.
,Gkay,C.
F.
,Aygnn,S.
,Yurteri,C.
andTuncel,G.
1998.
Land-basedsourcesofpollutionalongtheBlackSeaCoastofTurkey:ConcentrationsandannualloadstotheBlackSea.
MarinePollutionBulletin,36(6):409-423.
Tuomisto,J.
,Vartiainen,T.
andTuomisto,J.
T.
1999.
SynopsisondioxinsandPCBs.
KTL(NationalPublicHealthInstitute,Finland),DivisionofEnvironmentalHealth.
Kuopio.
USEPA.
1999.
Method1668,RevisionA:ChlorinatedBiphenylCongenersinwater,soil,sedimentandtissuebyHRGC/HRMS.
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
Officeofwater(4303).
EPANo.
EPA-821-R-00-002,UnitedStatesofAmerica,127pp.
USEPA.
2000.
Guidanceforassessingchemicalcontaminantdataforuseinfishadvisories.
Volume1.
Fishsamplingandanalysis.
Thirdedition.
Fishandhumanhealth.
UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
OfficeofWater(4305).
EPA823-B-00-007.
OfficeofScienceandTechnology.
Washington,DC.
,470pp.
VonHolst,C.
,Müller,A.
andAnklam,E.
2000.
MethodDescription.
DeterminationofPCBsinfoodandfeedingstuffssamplesbyGC/MS.
EUR19571EN.
EuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre.
InstituteforHealthandConsumerProtectionFoodProductsandConsumerGoodsUnit.
I-21020Ispra(VA)Italy.
VonHolst,C.
andMüller,A.
2001.
IntercomparisonstudyforthedeterminationofPolychlorinatedBiphenylsinanimalfeed.
DGJointResearchCentre.
InstituteforHealthandConsumerProtectionFoodProductsUnit.
ProducedonbehalfofEuropeanCommission,DGHealthandConsumerProtection.
Ispra,39pp.