ORIGINALRESEARCHOpenAccessCombinedprevalenceofimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesanditscorrelatesinLusakaurbandistrict,Zambia:apopulationbasedsurveyMutaleNsakashalo-Senkwe1,SeterSiziya2*,FastoneMGoma3,PeterSongolo4,VictorMukonka1,OlusegunBabaniyi4AbstractBackground:Developingcountriesareundergoinganepidemiologicaltransition,fromCommunicableorInfectiousto'Non-Communicable'diseases(NCDs),suchthatcardiovasculardisease,chronicrespiratorydiseases,cancer,anddiabeteswereresponsiblefor60%ofalldeathsgloballyin2005,withmorethan75%ofthesedeathsoccurringindevelopingcountries.
Asurveywasconductedtodetermineamongotherobjectivestheprevalenceofdiabetesanditsassociationwithphysicalfitnessandbiologicalfactors.
Methods:AcrosssectionalstudyutilizingamodifiedWorldHealthOrganization'sSTEPwiseapproachtosurveillanceofNCDswasconductedinLusakadistrict,Zambia.
Amulti-stageclustersamplingtechniquewasusedtoselectstudyparticipantsofage25yearsorolder.
Alleligiblemembersofahouseholdthatwasselectedwereinvitedtoparticipateinthestudy.
Unadjustedoddsratios(OR),andadjustedoddsratios(AOR)togetherwiththeir95%ConfidenceIntervals(CI)wereobtainedusingComplexsampleslogisticregressionResults:Atotalof1928individualsparticipatedinthesurvey,ofwhich33.
0%weremales.
Abouthalfoftheparticipantswereofage25-34years(53.
2%),andaboutathirdoftherespondentshadattainedsecondarylevelofeducation(35.
8%).
Thecombinedprevalenceforimpairedglucoselevelordiabeteswas4.
0%.
Ageandmildhypertensionweresignificantlyassociatedwithimpairedlevelsofglucoseordiabetes.
Comparedtoparticipantsintheagegroup25-34years,olderparticipantsweremorelikelytohaveimpairedglucoselevelordiabetes(AOR=2.
49(95%CI[1.
35,2.
92])for35-44yearsagegroup,andAOR=3.
80(95%CI[2.
00,7.
23])for45+yearsagegroup).
Mildhypertensionwasassociatedwithimpairedglucoselevelordiabetes(AOR=2.
57)(95%CI[1.
44,4.
57])).
Conclusions:TheprevalenceofdiabetesinLusakadistricthasnotreachedanalarminglevelanditisnowthatinterventionstargetingtheyoungeragegroup25-34yearsshouldbeputinplacetocurtailthespreadofdiabetes.
BackgroundThemajorNon-CommunicableDiseases(NCDs)thatincludediabetescontributeimmenselytomortality[1].
AlltheNCDsareassociatedwithidentifiablebeha-viouralriskfactorsandbiologicalriskfactors.
Thesetwogroupsofriskfactorsarecloselylinked.
Themajorbehaviouralriskfactorsaretobaccouse,unhealthydietandphysicalinactivity[2].
Andthemajorbiologicalriskfactorsinclude;obesity,hypertension,diabetesanddyslipidemia[3];andgeneticpredispositionmainlyaccountingfortypeIdiabetes.
Mostofthesefactorsaremodifiablethroughlifestyleinterventions.
Workandlivingsituationshavebecomemoreseden-tarythusincreasingtheriskofNCDs[2].
Physicalinac-tivityincreasestheriskofmanychronicdiseases,suchastype2diabetes[4,5].
Metabolicsyndromewhichisagroupofdisordersthatincludeobesity,insulinresis-tance,glucoseintolerance,abnormallipidsandhyper-tensionhasbeenassociatedwithreducedphysicalactivities[6,7].
Lowphysicalactivitylikeprolongedtele-visionviewingmaycontributetometabolicsyndromethroughrelatedpooreatinghabits[4].
Severalstudies*Correspondence:ssiziya@yahoo.
com2DepartmentofCommunityMedicine,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,ZambiaFulllistofauthorinformationisavailableattheendofthearticleNsakashalo-Senkweetal.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine2011,4:2http://www.
intarchmed.
com/content/4/1/22011Nsakashalo-Senkweetal;licenseeBioMedCentralLtd.
ThisisanOpenAccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense(http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/2.
0),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
haveshowedanassociationbetweenprolongedtelevi-sionviewingandmetabolicsyndrome[4,6].
Metabolicsyndromehasbeenlinkedtotype2Diabetesmellitus,cardiovasculardiseasesandmortalityandthereforereducingsedentarybehaviourhasaroleinthepreven-tionofthesechronicdiseases[4].
NelsonandGordon-Larsen[7]observedthatenhancingopportunitiesforincreasedexercisesandsportmayhaveabeneficialeffectinmodulatingriskbehavioursintheadolescentpopulation.
ThecontrolofNCDsincludingdiabeteshasreceivedlittleattention.
Forinstance,thereductionofNonCom-municablediseasesisnotaMillenniumDevelopmentGoal.
ManygovernmentsandorganisationshavefocussedoncontrollingdiseaseslikeHIV/AIDS,malariaandTuberculosis,andneglectingNCDs[8].
In2004,33.
1%ofmaleand32.
7%offemaleschoolgoingadolescentsofage13-15yearsinZambiareportedspendingthreeormorehoursduringatypicaldaysit-tingandwatchingtelevision,playingcomputergames,talkingwithfriends,ordoingothersittingactivities[9].
Nosimilarstudieshavebeenconductedamongnon-schoolgoingadolescentsoramongolderagegroups.
Asurveywasconductedtodetermineamongotherobjectivesthecombinedprevalenceofimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesanditsassociationwithphysicalfitnessandbiologicalfactors.
MethodsThestudywasconductedinLusakadistrictinlow,mediumandhighdensityresidentialareas.
Acrosssec-tionalstudyutilisingamodifiedWHOglobalsurveil-lanceinitiativeNCD-STEP3[10]wasusedinthecurrentstudy.
SamplesizeInastudywhoseresultsweredesignedtoreflectnationalestimates,atotalsamplesizeof6128respon-dentswascalculatedfortheentirecountry.
Thesamplesizewaspoweredenoughtoproduceestimatesforrural/urbancomparisons,andforbetweengenderanddistricts.
Lusakadistrictsamplesizewas1915participants.
SamplingAmulti-stageclustersamplingtechniquewasusedtoselectstudyparticipants.
LusakaprovincebeingthemosturbanisedprovinceinZambiawasconvenientlysampled.
Inthesecondstageofsampling,onlyLusakaurbandistrictwasconvenientlyselectedfromthethreedistrictsinLusaka(theothertwobeingKafuethatisaperi-urbandistrict;andChongwethatisaruraldistrict).
Lusakadistricthad7constituenciesoutofwhich5wererandomlyselected.
Fromeachselectedconstituency,onewardwasselected.
ThenumberofStandardEnumera-tionAreas(SEAs)selectedineachwardwaspropor-tionaltoitspopulationsize.
SEAswereselectedusingasystematicrandomsamplingmethod.
HouseholdswerethensystematicallysampledinordertowidelycovertheselectedSEAs.
Allpersonsofages25ormoreyearswereinvitedtoparticipateinthesurvey.
EthicalconsiderationsThestudyprotocolwasreviewedbytheUniversityofZambia(UNZA)ResearchEthicsCommittee(REC),andthestudyonlycommencedwhenapprovalfromtheUNZARECwasgranted.
AllentryformswerekeptintheofficeofthePrincipalInvestigator.
Entryformswereonlyviewedbyapprovedstudypersonnel.
DatacollectionTheWHOglobalsurveillanceinitiativeforNCD(WorldHealthOrganization,2005b)hasthreesteps:Step1isthequestionnaire,Step2isphysicalexaminations,andStep3isbiochemicalexaminations.
Allthesestepswereconductedwithintheparticipants'houses.
InterviewsAninterviewschedulewasusedtoelicitresponsesfromtheinterviewees.
Thequestionnairewasdividedintothefollowingsectionsamongothers:Demographicinforma-tion,Alcoholconsumption,Sedentarybehaviour(timeusuallyspentsittingorrecliningonatypicalday),Physi-calmeasurements(HeightandWeight,Waist,Bloodpressure,andHipcircumference)andBiochemicalmea-surements(Bloodglucose,andHDLcholesterol).
Inter-viewswereconductedinthehomesoftheparticipants.
MeasurementsTheWHOSTEPssurveillancetrainingandpracticalguiderecommendsthatphysicalmeasurementsbetakeninthefollowingorder:height,weight,waistcircumfer-ence,andbloodpressure.
Wechosetotakebloodpressurereadingsfirst,afterhavingadministeredthequestionnaire.
Thisgavetheparticipantenoughtimetohavesettleddown.
BloodpressureTheOmronDigitalAutomaticBPMonitorM4-1wasusedtomeasurethebloodpressureoftheparticipants.
Threeminutesofrestwasgiventotheparticipantinbetweenthreesuccessivereadingsofbloodpressure.
Althoughthethreereadingsweredifferentwiththelar-gestvaluebeingthefirstreadingandthesmallestbeingthethirdreadingonaverage,thesedifferedbynomorethan2mm/Hgofsystolicbloodpressure,andnomorethan4.
5mm/Hgofdiastolicbloodpressure.
Wechosetotakeanaverageofthethreereading,andnottheaverageofthesecondandthirdreadingsasrecom-mendedbyWorldHealthOrganisationinordertoincreasethedegreesoffreedomforthemean.
Nsakashalo-Senkweetal.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine2011,4:2http://www.
intarchmed.
com/content/4/1/2Page2of6Systolicbloodpressure(SBP)wasgroupedintofourlevels:1(raised).
Theana-lysisincludedrunningfrequencies,cross-tabulations,bivariate,andmultivariateComplexsampleslogisticregression.
Unadjustedoddsratios(OR),andadjustedoddsratios(AOR)togetherwiththeir95%CIwerecomputed.
ResultsAtotalof1928individualsparticipatedinthesurvey,ofwhich33.
0%weremales.
Abouthalfoftheparticipantswereofage25-34years(53.
2%),andathirdoftherespondentshadattainedsecondarylevelofeducation(35.
8%).
About1in5oftherespondentswereeitherselfemployed(22.
5%)orhousewives(20.
0%).
FurtherdescriptionofthesampleispresentedinTable1.
ImpairedglucoselevelordiabetesOfthetotalof1880subjectswhohadfastingbloodsugarmeasurementsdone,24(1.
3%)hadimpairedglu-coselevel(8males(33.
3%)and16females(66.
7%)while51(2.
7%)haddiabetes(13(25.
5%)malesand38(74.
5%)females).
Theagebysexstandardisedratesforcom-binedimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesformalesandfemalesconsideringLusaka'sagebysexpopulationwere4.
9%formalesand5.
6%forfemales.
Table2showsthedistributionofthecombinedpreva-lenceofimpairedglucoseordiabetesbyriskfactorsconsideredinthecurrentstudy.
Theprevalencevariedwithagewiththehighestprevalencebeingintheagegroup45+years.
Thehighestprevalencewasreportedamongparticipantswhowereobese.
ParticipantswithraisedcholesterolhadahigherprevalencethanNsakashalo-Senkweetal.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine2011,4:2http://www.
intarchmed.
com/content/4/1/2Page3of6thosewithnormallevelsofcholesterol.
Noclearpatternemergedfortheprevalenceamonglevelsofhypertension.
FactorsassociatedwithcombinedimpairedlevelsofglucoseordiabetesarepresentedinTable3.
Age,bodymassindex,waist-hipratio,hypertension,andcholes-terolweresignificantlyassociatedwithcombinedimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesinbivariateanalyses.
Inmultivariateanalysis,comparedtoparticipantsintheagegroup25-34years,olderparticipantsweremorelikelytohavecombinedimpairedglucoselevelordia-betes(AOR=2.
49(95%CI[1.
35,2.
92])for35-44yearsagegroup,andAOR=3.
80(95%CI[2.
00,7.
23])for45+yearsagegroup).
Onlymildhypertensionwasassociatedwithcombinedimpairedglucoselevelordiabetes(AOR=2.
57(95%CI[1.
44,4.
57])).
Nosignificantassociationswereobservedbetweenmoderateorseverehypertensionandcombinedimpairedglucoselevelordiabetes.
DiscussionThisisthefirststudytoreportresultsfromacompre-hensivegeneralpopulation-basedsurveyonthepreva-lencerateofimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesanditscorrelatesamongpersonsofage25yearsormoreinLusakaurbandistrict.
ThefindingsinthecurrentstudyformbaselineinformationtowhichinterventionstocontroldiabetesinLusakaurbandistrictcouldbemea-suredagainst.
Wefoundthattheprevalenceofdiabeteswas2.
1%amongmalesand3.
0%amongfemalesinthepresentstudy,andthatofimpairedglucoselevelwas1.
3%andTable1DemographiccharacteristicsforthesampledpopulationTotalMaleFemaleVariablen(%)n(%)n(%)Agegroup(years)25-341015(53.
2)337(53.
7)675(52.
9)35-44413(21.
6)135(21.
5)277(21.
7)45+481(25.
2)156(24.
8)323(25.
3)SexMale634(33.
0)--Female1288(67.
0)--EducationNone408(21.
5)76(12.
2)330(26.
0)Primary276(14.
5)61(9.
8)214(16.
9)Secondary679(35.
8)242(38.
8)435(34.
3)College/university534(28.
1)244(39.
2)290(22.
9)NB:numbersdonotaddupduetomissinginformation.
Table2DistributionofcombinedprevalenceofimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesbyriskfactorsconsideredinthecurrentstudyVariableTotaln(%)pvalueAgegroup(years)11510(*)Hypertension19.
57(3.
18,28.
83)HypertensionNormal11Mild4.
86(2.
76,8.
54)2.
57(1.
44,4.
57)Moderate2.
60(0.
96,7.
09)0.
98(0.
34,2.
83)Severe6.
77(3.
26,14.
02)1.
84(0.
75,4.
49)CholesterolNormal11Raised1.
85(1.
08,3.
19)1.
23(0.
67,2.
26)*notenoughdatainonecelltocomputetheestimateanditsconfidenceinterval.
Nsakashalo-Senkweetal.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine2011,4:2http://www.
intarchmed.
com/content/4/1/2Page5of6PossiblelimitationsThoughthestudydesignprovidesreliableandvalidinformation,thestudymayhavesomelimitations.
ThesurveywasdoneinLusakaurbandistrict,andhencetheresultscanonlybegeneralizedtothesampledpopula-tion.
Wedidnothavereliableinformationonthenum-berofhouseholdmembersofage25yearsorolderinordertoenableustocomputeresponserates.
Therefore,wecouldnotcomputeweightsthatcouldhavebeenusedintheanalysis.
Ourfindingsmaybebiasedtotheextentthatnon-respondentsdifferedfromthosethatpartici-patedinthesurvey.
However,weareunabletosuggestthedirectionofbias.
Someinformationontheimportantriskfactorsfordiabeteswaseithernotcollectedorinade-quatelycollected(suchasfamilyhistoryofdiabetesanddiet).
Weacknowledgelackofthisinformationasalim-itationtothestudythatmayhaveconfoundedourfind-ings.
Somestudyfactorsinoursurveywereobtainedthroughself-reports,andasinallsuchstudies,bothinad-vertentanddeliberatereportingisaconcern,moresothatweobtainedpersonalidentifiers.
Inspiteoftheabovelimitations,webelievethatourfindingsarecred-ibleastheycomparefavourablywiththoseobtainedintheZambiaDemographicandHealthSurvey.
ConclusionsTheprevalenceofdiabetesinLusakadistricthasnotreachedanalarminglevelanditisnowthatinterven-tionstargetingtheagegroups25-34yearsshouldbeputinplacetocurtailthespreadofdiabetes.
AcknowledgementsWegratefullythanktheNon-communicablediseases'steeringcommitteefordirectingtheentireresearchprocess;andtotheResearchassistantsfortheirtirelesseffortstosuccessfullycompletethesurvey.
WethankDrAggreyMweembaandDrGodfreyBiembafortheirinputintotheproposalwritingandpreparatoryworkofthestudy,respectively.
ThesurveywasfundedbytheMinistryofHealth,andtheWorldHealthOrganization.
Authordetails1DirectorateofPublicHealthandResearch,MinistryofHealth,Lusaka,Zambia.
2DepartmentofCommunityMedicine,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,Zambia.
3DepartmentofPhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofZambia,Lusaka,Zambia.
4WorldHealthOrganization,CountryOffice,Lusaka,Zambia.
Authors'contributionsMN-Scontributedtotheinterpretationofthefindings;SScontributedtothedesignofthestudy,trainingofresearchassistants,dataacquisition,dataanalysisandinterpretationofthefindings,andledthedraftingofthemanuscript;FMGcontributedtotrainingofinterviewers,dataacquisition,andinterpretationofthefindings;PScontributedtothedesignofthestudyandinterpretationofthefindings;VMcontributedtothedesignofthestudyandinterpretationofthefindings;OBcontributedtotheinterpretationofthefindings;Allauthorsreadandapprovedthefinalversionofthedocument.
CompetinginterestsTheauthorsdeclarethattheyhavenocompetinginterests.
Received:26August2010Accepted:12January2011Published:12January2011References1.
WorldHealthOrganization:Preventingchronicdisease:Avitalinvestment.
Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization;2005.
2.
WorleyH:Chronicdiseasesbeleaguerdevelopingcountries.
[http://www.
prb.
org/Articles/2006/ChronicDiseasesBeleaguerDevelopingCountries.
aspx].
3.
YusufS,ReddyS,OunpuuS,AnandS:GlobalburdenofcardiovasculardiseasesPartI:Generalconsideration,theepidemiologictransition,riskfactors,andimpactofurbanization.
Circulation2001,104:2746-2753.
4.
DunstanDW,SalmonJ,HealyGN,ShawJE,JolleyD,ZimmetPZ,OwenN,onbehalfoftheAusDiabSteeringCommittee:Associationoftelevisionviewingwithfastingand2-hourpostchallengeplasmaglucoselevelsinadultswithoutdiagnoseddiabetes.
DiabetesCare2007,30:516-522.
5.
BoothFW,ChakravarthyMV,GordonSE,SpangenburgEE:Wagingwaronphysicalinactivity:usingmodernmolecularammunitionagainstanancientenemy.
JApplPhysiol2002,93:3-30.
6.
GaoX,NelsonME,TuckerKL:TelevisionviewingisassociatedwithprevalenceofmetabolicsyndromeinHipanicelders.
DiabetesCare2007,30:694-700.
7.
NelsonMC,Gordon-LarsenP:Physicalactivityandsedentarybehaviorpatternsareassociatedwithselectedadolescenthealthriskbehaviors.
Pediatrics2006,117:1281-1290.
8.
HortonR:Theneglectedepidemicofchronicdisease.
Lancet2005,366(9496):1514.
9.
GlobalSchool-basedStudentHealthSurvey:Zambia2004factsheet.
[http://www.
who.
int/chp/gshs/Zambia%20fs%202004.
pdf].
10.
WorldHealthOrganization:WHOSTEPSSurveillanceManual:TheWHOSTEPwiseapproachtochronicdiseaseriskfactorsurveillance.
Geneva:WorldHealthOrganization;2005.
11.
MinistryofHealth[Nauru]:WorldHealthOrganization,CentreforPhysicalActivityandHealth[UniversityofSydney]:NauruNCDriskfactorsSTEPSreport2005.
Nauru:MinistryofHealth;2005.
12.
ElbagirMN,EltomMA,ElmahadiEM,KadamIM,BerneC:AhighprevalenceofdiabetesmellitusandimpairedglucoseintheDanaglacommunityinnorthernSudan.
DiabetMed1998,15:164-169.
13.
CharltonKE,LevittNS,LombardCJ:TheprevalenceofdiabetesmellitusandassociatedriskfactorsinelderlycolouredSouthAfrican.
SAfrMedJ1997,87:364-367.
14.
CuongT,DibleyM,BoweS,HanhT,LoanT:Obesityinadults:anemergingprobleminurbanareasofHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.
EurJClinNutr2007,61:673-681.
15.
MinistryofHealth&ChildWelfare,UniversityofZimbabwe,WorldHealthOrganization,UnitedNationsChildren'sFund:NationalsurveyZimbabwenon-communicablediseaseriskfactors(ZiNCoDs)preliminaryreport2005:usingtheWHOSTEPwiseapproachtosurveillanceofnon-communicablediseases(STEPS).
[http://www.
who.
int/chp/steps/STEPS_Zimbabwe_Data.
pdf].
16.
MbanyaJC,KengneAP,AssahF:DiabetescareinAfrica.
Lancet2006,368(9548):1628-1629.
17.
ElbagirMN,EltomMA,ElmahadiEM,KadamIM,BerneC:Apopulation-basedstudyoftheprevalenceofdiabetesandimpairedglucosetoleranceinadultsinnorthernSudan.
DiabetesCare1996,19:1126-1128.
18.
RamaiyaKL,SwaiAB,McLartyDG,AlbertiKG:ImpairedglucosetoleranceanddiabetesmellitusinHinduIndianimmigrantsinDaresSalaam.
DiabetMed1991,8:738-744.
19.
PhamLH,AuTB,BlizzardL,TruongNB,SchmidtMD,GrangerRH,DwyerT:Prevalenceofriskfactorsfornon-communicablediseasesintheMekongDelta,Vietnam:resultsfromaSTEPSsurvey.
BMCPublicHealth2009,9:291.
doi:10.
1186/1755-7682-4-2Citethisarticleas:Nsakashalo-Senkweetal.
:CombinedprevalenceofimpairedglucoselevelordiabetesanditscorrelatesinLusakaurbandistrict,Zambia:apopulationbasedsurvey.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine20114:2.
Nsakashalo-Senkweetal.
InternationalArchivesofMedicine2011,4:2http://www.
intarchmed.
com/content/4/1/2Page6of6
速云怎么样?速云是一家国人商家。速云商家主要提供广州移动、深圳移动、广州茂名联通、香港HKT等VDS和独立服务器。目前,速云推出深圳独服优惠活动,机房为深圳移动机房,购买深圳服务器可享受5折优惠,目前独立服务器还支持申请免费试用,需要提交工单开通免费体验试用,次月可享受永久8折优惠,也是需工单申请哦!点击进入:速云官方网站地址活动期限至 2021年7月22日速云云服务器优惠活动:活动1:新购首月可...
近日CloudCone发布了最新的补货消息,针对此前新年闪购年付便宜VPS云服务器计划方案进行了少量补货,KVM虚拟架构,美国洛杉矶CN2 GT线路,1Gbps带宽,最低3TB流量,仅需14美元/年,有需要国外便宜美国洛杉矶VPS云服务器的朋友可以尝试一下。CloudCone怎么样?CloudCone服务器好不好?CloudCone值不值得购买?CloudCone是一家成立于2017年的美国服务器...
CloudCone商家在前面的文章中也有多次介绍,他们家的VPS主机还是蛮有特点的,和我们熟悉的DO、Linode、VuLTR商家很相似可以采用小时时间计费,如果我们不满意且不需要可以删除机器,这样就不扣费,如果希望用的时候再开通。唯独比较吐槽的就是他们家的产品太过于单一,一来是只有云服务器,而且是机房就唯一的MC机房。CloudCone 这次四周年促销活动期间,商家有新增独立服务器业务。同样的C...
www.983mm.com为你推荐
百花百游百花百游的五滴自游进程百度关键词工具百度有关键字分析工具吗?Google AdWords有的m.kan84.net电视剧海派甜心全集海派甜心在线观看海派甜心全集高清dvd快播迅雷下载抓站工具仿站必备软件有哪些工具?最好好用的仿站工具是那个几个?www.zhiboba.com看NBA直播的网站哪个知道www.cn12365.orgwww.12365china.net是不是真的防伪网站300373一搓黑是真的吗www.qqq147.comhttp://www.qqdpscycle痛苦术士PVE输出宏彪言彪语寻找一个电影和里面的一首歌,国产的,根据真实故事改编的校园爱情电影,里面的男主角是个屌丝但很会弹钢百度关键字在百度 输入任何关键词,可以搜出想要的内容,但是 搜索工具栏里面的字,却始终是同一个关键词, 如图
网站域名备案 新网域名管理 gateone ubuntu更新源 轻量 网盘申请 魔兽世界台湾服务器 新天域互联 seednet 1g内存 网通服务器 免费asp空间 秒杀品 photobucket 免费蓝钻 免费稳定空间 万网服务器 nnt windowssever2008 winds 更多