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OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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0CommitteeDraft15October2007SpecificationURIs:ThisVersion:http://docs.
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htmlTechnicalCommittee:OASISOpenDocumentFormatforOfficeApplications(OpenDocument)TechnicalCommitteeChair:MichaelBrauer,SunMicrosystems,Inc.
Editors:PeterKorn,SunMicrosystems,Inc.
RichSchwerdtfeger,IBMOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page1of53RelatedWork:TheseguidelinesapplytotheOASISOpenDocumentv1.
1specification,whichcanbefoundat:http://docs.
oasis-open.
org/office/v1.
1/OS/OpenDocument-v1.
1.
odtAbstract:ThisdocumentisaguideforOfficeApplications,thatsupportversion1.
1oftheOpenDocumentformat,topromoteandpreserveaccessibleODFdocuments.
ThisguideisnotacomprehensiveguideforcontentmappingtoplatformaccessibilityAPIs.
Status:ThisdocumentwaslastrevisedorapprovedbytheOASISOpenDocumentFormatforOfficeApplications(OpenDocument)TechnicalCommitteeontheabovedate.
Thelevelofapprovalisalsolistedabove.
Checkthe"LatestVersion"or"LatestApprovedVersion"locationnotedaboveforpossiblelaterrevisionsofthisdocument.
TechnicalCommitteemembersshouldsendcommentsonthisspecificationtotheTechnicalCommittee'semaillist.
OthersshouldsendcommentstotheTechnicalCommitteebyusingthe"SendAComment"buttonontheTechnicalCommittee'swebpageathttp://www.
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Forinformationonwhetheranypatentshavebeendisclosedthatmaybeessentialtoimplementingthisspecification,andanyoffersofpatentlicensingterms,pleaserefertotheIntellectualPropertyRightssectionoftheTechnicalCommitteewebpage(http://www.
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Thenon-normativeerratapageforthisspecificationislocatedathttp://www.
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Thisisanon-normativedocument.
OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page2of53NoticesCopyrightOASIS2007.
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AllcapitalizedtermsinthefollowingtexthavethemeaningsassignedtothemintheOASISIntellectualPropertyRightsPolicy(the"OASISIPRPolicy").
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OASISrequeststhatanyOASISPartyoranyotherpartythatbelievesithaspatentclaimsthatwouldnecessarilybeinfringedbyimplementationsofthisOASISCommitteeSpecificationorOASISStandard,tonotifyOASISTCAdministratorandprovideanindicationofitswillingnesstograntpatentlicensestosuchpatentclaimsinamannerconsistentwiththeIPRModeoftheOASISTechnicalCommitteethatproducedthisspecification.
OASISinvitesanypartytocontacttheOASISTCAdministratorifitisawareofaclaimofownershipofanypatentclaimsthatwouldnecessarilybeinfringedbyimplementationsofthisspecificationbyapatentholderthatisnotwillingtoprovidealicensetosuchpatentclaimsinamannerconsistentwiththeIPRModeoftheOASISTechnicalCommitteethatproducedthisspecification.
OASISmayincludesuchclaimsonitswebsite,butdisclaimsanyobligationtodoso.
OASIStakesnopositionregardingthevalidityorscopeofanyintellectualpropertyorotherrightsthatmightbeclaimedtopertaintotheimplementationoruseofthetechnologydescribedinthisdocumentortheextenttowhichanylicenseundersuchrightsmightormightnotbeavailable;neitherdoesitrepresentthatithasmadeanyefforttoidentifyanysuchrights.
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Copiesofclaimsofrightsmadeavailableforpublicationandanyassurancesoflicensestobemadeavailable,ortheresultofanattemptmadetoobtainagenerallicenseorpermissionfortheuseofsuchproprietaryrightsbyimplementersorusersofthisOASISCommitteeSpecificationorOASISStandard,canbeobtainedfromtheOASISTCAdministrator.
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Thenames"OASIS","OpenDocument","ODF",and"OpenDocumentFormat"aretrademarksofOASIS,theowneranddeveloperofthisspecification,andshouldbeusedonlytorefertotheOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page3of53organizationanditsofficialoutputs.
OASISwelcomesreferenceto,andimplementationanduseof,specifications,whilereservingtherighttoenforceitsmarksagainstmisleadinguses.
Pleaseseehttp://www.
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org/who/trademark.
phpforaboveguidance.
OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page4of53TableofContentsBackgroundandOverview.
7Introduction.
7WhatisAccessibility7Types/CategoriesofAccess.
7Typesofdisabilities,andhowtheyareaddressed.
8ImportanceoftheAccessibilityoftheODFApplication.
12ImportanceofEnsuringAuthorsEncodeAccessibilityInformationintoDocuments.
13Puttingthepiecestogether.
13ODFApplicationAccessibility.
14KeyboardNavigationWithoutUsingaMouse.
14ThemeSupport(includingOSfonts&colors)14InteroperabilitywithAssistiveTechnologies.
15CharacteristicsofEngineeredAccessibilityFrameworks.
15RecommendedEngineeredAccessibilityFrameworks.
16SupportinganAccessibilityFramework.
17DealingwiththeAbsenceofanAccessibilityFrameworks.
18SpecialIssuesforWeb-basedODFApplications.
18ODFHelpSystemAccessibility.
18DocumentContentAccessibilityBasics.
20DocumentNavigationorStructure.
20Textdocumentstructure.
20Presentationdocumentstructure.
21Spreadsheetdocumentstructure.
22Liststructure.
22Pagebreaks.
23Tablenavigation.
23Provisionofalternativetextversionsofdocumentcontent.
23Imagemaps.
24Audioinserts.
24OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page5of53Complexdiagrams.
25Summary.
26Whydoanythingaboutit26Summary,graphicalandaudioobjects.
26Specialconsiderationsforsubtables.
26ConvertingbetweenODFandotherDocumentFormats.
28PreservationofAlternativeText.
2828HTMLelementusingalt=2830PreservationofDocumentStructureHierarchyandLandmarks.
33PreservationofHeadingStructure.
33PreservationoflistStructure.
34PreservationofPageHeaderandFooterstructure.
37PreservationofSpeakerNoteelements.
37PreservationofTablestructure.
38PreservationofPageBreaks.
39MaintainingtheaccessibilityofFormElements.
39MaintainingAssociationCaptions.
40PreservationofMathMLaccessibilityinformation.
41PreservationofSynchronizedMedia(animations)SMIL.
42SpecialConsiderationforalternativemediaproducedfromODF.
43WhereandHowAudioisUsedforAccessibility.
43HowODFFitsIn.
43SoftPageBreaksandHardPageNumbering.
44StructuralMarkup.
44GlossaryofTerms.
45OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page6of531BackgroundandOverview1.
1IntroductionTheOpenDocumentFormatv1.
1(ODF)iscapableofencodingandpersistingatremendousamountofstructuralandsemanticinformationneededbypeoplewithdisabilitiesandthetoolstheyuse(assistivetechnologies)togainaccesstocomputersandinformation.
ThisdocumentdescribesthethingsthatanODF1.
1implementationmustdoinordertogain,persist,andpresentalloftheinformationthatODF1.
1iscapableofpersisting,sothatuserswithdisabilitiesareequallyabletoread,create,andeditdocuments–withfullaccesstoallofthemeaningandintent–astheirmainstreamcolleagues.
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2WhatisAccessibilityTheOpenDocumentFormatv1.
1(ODF)iscapableofencodingandstoringalotofstructuralandsemanticinformation.
Thisinformationisneededbypeoplewithdisabilitiesandthetoolstheyuse(assistivetechnologies),togainaccesstocomputersandinformation.
ThisdocumentprovidesguidelinesforODF1.
1implementation.
AsuccessfulODF1.
1implementationwillenableuserswithdisabilitiestoread,create,andeditdocuments–withfullaccesstoallofthemeaningandintent–justlikeapersonwithoutanydisability.
Accessibilityisaboutenablingpeoplewithdisabilitiestoparticipateinsubstantiallifeactivitiesthatincludeworkandtheuseofservices,products,andinformation.
InthecontextofODFdocuments,thismeansthatpeoplewithdisabilitiesshouldbeabletoparticipatefullyinthecreation,review,andeditingprocessofthedocuments.
Ablindperson,forexample,shouldbeabletoworkwithadocumentsomeoneelsecreated(bygettingatextdescriptionoftheimagesused).
Apersonshouldbeabletofilloutaformwithoutusinghands.
Apersonwithpoorvisionshouldbeabletoreadthroughpresentationmaterialseasily.
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1Types/CategoriesofAccessTherearetwoorthreedifferenttypesorcategoriesofaccess.
Thefirstisdirectaccess.
Withdirectaccess,thepersonwiththedisabilityiscapableofdirectinteraction.
Forexample,adeafpersonhasdirectaccesstoanewspaper–thedisabilitydoesnotrestrictthemedium.
Ablindperson(butnotdeaf)canuseaphoneeasily.
Thesecondcategoryofaccessismediatedaccess,oraccessthroughanassistivetechnology.
Here,thepersonwiththedisabilityisinteractingwiththemedia/mediumviasomeothertool.
Apersonwithpoorvisionmightuseamagnifyingglasstoreadabook(notethatsamepersonmighthavedirectaccessOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page7of53toalargeprintbook).
Someonewhoisdeafmightenjoyatelevisionshowviagoodcaptions.
Thethirdcategoryofaccessisn'treallyaccess.
Afriendreadingthemailtotheblindrecipientmightfallintothiscategory.
Maybewecancallthisasindirectaccess.
Talkingaboutcomputers,directaccessiswhatthattheprogramitselfprovidestotheusers.
Thelargeprintthemeofthedesktopandapplicationsistheequivalentofthelargeprintbooktoauserwithpoorvision.
Forblindusers,aspecialprogramcalledascreenreaderisusedwhichmediatestheuser'sexperience.
Itreadsthetextviaspeech(orrendersitusingarefreshableBrailledisplay).
Auserforwhomthelargeprintthemedoesn'twork(butstillhassomevision),ascreenmagnifier,whichmagnifiesthecontentsofthescreen,isaviablegoodoption.
Itisworthnotingthatmanyofthethingswehavebuiltspecificallyforaccessibilityforpeoplewithdisabilitiesareusedandappreciatedbypeoplewithoutdisabilities.
Closecaptioningoftelevisionbroadcastshasbecomeverypopularinnoisyplaceslikebarsandairports;whilecaptioninginmultimediapresentationshasallowedtextsearchesofthosepresentations.
Similarly,thewheelchairrampsthatallowpeopleinwheelchairstoeasilymovefromthestreettothesidewalkaremuchappreciatedbydeliverypersonnel,parentswithstrollers,andanyoneelseonwheels(bicycles,skateboards).
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2Typesofdisabilities,andhowtheyareaddressedThereareseveraldifferenttypesofdisabilities,andtheyareaddressed(oradaptedto)witheitherdirectormediatedaccesstechniques.
Thesetypesofdisabilitiesmostlystemfromimpairmentsinoneormoreoftheprimarysenses.
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2.
2.
1MinorvisionimpairmentsPeoplewithminorvisionimpairmentshaveoneormoreproblemsthatcanbeaddressedviadirectaccesstechniques.
Theseincludesomelevelofcolorblindness(roughly10%ofthemalepopulationworldwidehassomelevelofcolorblindness),theinabilitytoseetextbelow15or18or24pointtext(anissueformostpeopleastheyage),orsomereductionoftheirfieldofviewthatisn'tverysevere.
Tobeconsideredatrueimpairment,thedisabilitymustbesomethingthathasn'totherwisebeenfullyaddressedbycorrectivelensessuchasglasses.
TheseusersneedthedefaultpresentationoftheODFapplicationandODFcontentrenderedsomewhatdifferently.
Forexample,theymightneedaparticularcolorscheme,oraspecialhigh-contrastscheme.
Theymightneedthesizeofthetextandimagestobelarger.
ThespecifictechniquesthatODFapplicationsmustemployforuserswiththeseneedsaredescribedinsection2.
2.
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2MajorvisionimpairmentsPeoplewithmajorvisionimpairmentsneedmoreadaptationinthepresentationofanODFdocumentthanrenderingthetextinanalternatecolorscheme,orusingalargerfont.
Theseusersneedtheentirepresentationmagnified–typicallybetween2and16times(onepixelbecoming4to256pixels).
Suchasignificantlevelofmagnificationcannotbeaccommodatedwithintheboundariesofmostcomputerscreens.
Instead,asecondpieceofsoftware,anassistivetechnologycalledascreenmagnifier,isused.
Itrendersamagnifiedimagetoavirtualscreenthatisfarlargerthanthephysicalscreen.
Thisscreenmagnifiersoftwaredisplaysonlytheappropriateportionofthemagnifiedscreenonthephysicalscreen:theportionthattheuserisinteractingwithatthatmomentoftime.
Inaddition,thisscreenmagnifiermaybemagnifyinganoriginal,scaledimagethatisinaparticularcolorscheme;orthemagnifieritselfmayalterthecolors.
Someofthemoresophisticatedscreenmagnifiersofferadditionalfeatures,suchasreadingthetexttheyaremagnifyingviasyntheticspeech.
panningandzoomingthroughthetextcontents(soauserdoesn'tneedtomovethemousetoreadandreviewthescreen).
extractingtheODFtextcontentsandre-renderingitinadifferentfont,inaspecialized"textviewpane"onthescreen.
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2.
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3NearortotalblindnessTherearepeoplewhosevisionissoseverethattheyhaveeffectivelynousablevisionatall.
TheyuseadifferentassistivetechnologytoreadandeditODFdocuments–ascreenreader.
Thissoftwareusessyntheticspeech(ortext-to-speech,commonlyabbreviatedtoTTS)toreadthecontentsofthescreen,application,anddocumenttotheuser.
Suchsoftwaretrackstheobjectortexttheuserisinteractingwith(sometimescalledthelocusoffocus)andreadsthatobjectortexttotheuser.
Thisincludestheletterstheuserismovingthetextcaretleft-and-rightbetweenthelinesoftexttheuserismovingthecaretupanddownbetweenthemenuitemstheuserisinteractingwiththeitemsinthedialogboxesoftheODFapplication.
Screenreadersaresometimescombinedwithscreenmagnifiers,inwhichcasemagnificationalsotracksthislocusoffocus.
ScreenreaderssometimesalsosupportrefreshableBrailledisplaysinwhichcaseinadditiontospeech,theinformationisrenderedtotheBrailledisplay.
Iftheuserisbothdeafandblind,OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page9of53BraillewillbetheexclusivemediumofinformationfromtheODFdocumentandapplication.
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4MinorphysicalimpairmentsPeoplewithminorphysicalimpairmentshaveavarietyofissuesthatpreventthemfromusingthefullkeyboardormouseeasily.
Inordertosupportsuchusers,allthefunctionalityoftheapplicationshouldbeoperableinanon-time-dependentmannerthroughakeyboardinterface,exceptwherethetaskrequiresanalog,time-dependentinput.
Thisisalsobeneficialtouserswhodon'thaveaphysicalimpairment,butotherwisecannotuseamouse(suchasablinduser,whocannotseethemousepointeronthescreenandsoisfunctionallyunabletoeffectivelyusethemouse).
Incaseofthephysicalimpairment,theuserisallowedtouseonlysinglefinger,oramouthsticksuchthattheycanonlymakeasinglekeystrokeatatime.
ThisisanoperatingsystemfeaturecalledStickyKeys.
Itwouldbeemployedinsuchawaythatlatchesmodifierkeys(likeShiftandControlinsoftware,)sothatthenextkeypressedafterthelatchedmodifiedkeycomesthroughtotheapplicationasifthekeyandthemodifierwerepressedsimultaneously(Forexample;Shiftthen's'toproduce'S').
Incaseofthephysicalimpairmentresultsinhandtremors(suchasParkinson'sdisease),theusermighthitkeysaccidentallyen-routetopressingthekeytheyintendtopress.
Insuchcases,anotheroperatingsystemfeaturecalledSlowKeyswouldbeemployedwhichrejectskeypressesunlesstheyarehelddownforaspecifiedamountoftime.
Incaseofthephysicalimpairmentresultsinspasmsthatcommonlygenerateasecond,duplicatekeystroke(a'debounce')uponreleaseofthekey,anoperatingsystemfeaturecalledFilterKeyswouldbeemployedwhichrejectsduplicatekeystrokesunlessaspecifiedintervaloftimeoccursbetweenthem.
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5MajorphysicalimpairmentswithoutspeechrecognitionPeoplewithmajorphysicalimpairmentsaretypicallyunabletocontroltheirlimbs.
Theycanperhapsshrugashoulder,orsipandpuffonastraw,ormovetheirheadoratleasttheireyes.
Buttheyareunabletopressasinglekeyonatraditionalkeyboard.
Whentheseimpairmentsalsoaffecttheirspeech(oriftheysimplychoosenottousespeechrecognitionsoftware),suchusersuseon-screenkeyboardsoftwarethatisconnectedeithertoaswitchdevice,whichtheycanactivate(alargebuttonmountedtotheirwheelchairthattheycanpressinsomefashion,oraswitchembeddedwithinastraw,whichtheycan'press'bysippingorpuffingonthatstraw),orbyheadmovementthatistrackedbyacamerafollowingaOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page10of53reflectivedotontheirforeheadorglasses,orbyeyemovementthatistrackedbyacamerafollowingtheirpupil.
Theon-screenkeyboardsoftwarehasvarietyoftechniquestotranslatethesemovementstothechoicesofindividualkeystrokes,ortoentirewords,whicharethenenteredintothesystemasiftheyareenteredfromthekeyboard.
Thisisdonebydisplayingasoftwarekeyboardonthescreen,fromwhichtheusermakestheirchoices.
Advancedon-screenkeyboardsoftwarecanactuallyprovideremoteaccesstoaccessiblemenus,toolbarelements,andotherUIcomponentsonthesoftware"keyboard"wheretheusercanchoosethem.
.
Another,newtypeofassistivetechnologyusedbypeoplewithmajorphysicalimpairmentsisthedynamictextentryapplication,whichcouplesapredictivetextsystemwithhead,eye,orswitchmovementtorapidlyenterthemostcommonsequencesoftextbasedonaprobabilitymodelforagivenlanguage(oragivenlanguagedomainsuchasmedicalterminology).
Theuserswithmajorphysicalimpairmentsarenotabletomovetheirbodybuttheireyesareabletoachievemorethan35word-per-minutetypingrateswithsuchasoftware.
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6MajorphysicalimpairmentswithspeechrecognitionPeoplewithmajorphysicalimpairmentswhoareabletospeakclearlymayusespeechrecognitionsoftware(alsoknownasspeechtotextsoftware,automaticspeechrecognitionorASR).
Thisassistivetechnologynotonlytranslatestheusers'speechtotext(forentryintotheODFdocument),butalsoallowstheusertocontroltheODFapplicationviaspeech.
Forexample,auserofthisassistivetechnologymightsaytheutterance"MenuFile,Print"inordertochoosetheprintitemofthefilemenu.
Ortheymightsay"Selectfrom'DearMom'to'pleasesendmoney'"inordertoselectarangeoftextintheODFdocument.
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7HearingimpairmentsPeoplewithhearingimpairmenthavedifficultyinhearingclearly,orperhapscannothearatall.
Asevereimpairmentmaynotbecorrectedbyusingahearingaid.
TheuserswithhearingimpairmentuseanoperatingsystemfeaturecalledShowSounds.
TheyalsouseadifferentoperatingsystemfeaturecalledOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page11of53SoundSentry.
ShowSoundsisasystemflagthatindicatestheapplicationtocaptioned(Forexample;textcaptionsdisplayedinanmpegvideo)anyspeechandsoundsmadeinapresentation.
SoundSentrycausestheoperatingsystemtogenerateavisualwarningalongwiththeaudiblewarningtone.
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8CognitiveimpairmentsPeoplewithcognitiveimpairmentshaveone(ormore)ofaverywiderangeofdisabilities.
Thecognitiveimpairmentsincludes:Arangeofreadingimpairments(suchasdyslexia),Comprehensionimpairments,andCompositionimpairments.
Theuserswithcognitiveimpairmentsuseoneofavarietyofassistivetechnologies,and/orapplicationfeatures,inordertousethecomputermoreeffectively.
Theassistivetechnologiesandapplicationfeaturesincludes:UsingascreenreaderwhichreadsdocumenttextviaTTSandalsohighlightsthewordsastheyarespoken,On-linethesaurusesanddictionarieswithaspecialfocusonhomographsandhomophones;andGrammarcheckingtools.
Theuserswithcognitiveimpairmentsarecapableofusingthemostpopularassistivetechnologysoftwareintotext-heavyapplicationslikeofficesuites,e-mailpackages,andwebbrowsers.
Therearemoreseverecognitiveimpairments,whicharenotyetverywelladdressed-eitherbymainstreamsoftware,orbyassistivetechnologies.
Furtherresearchmayimprovetheoptionsavailabletotheseusers.
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3ImportanceoftheAccessibilityoftheODFApplicationEnsuringthattheODFapplicationisaccessibletopeopleiscriticalforthefollowingreasons:1.
Peoplewithdisabilitiestogethercompriseoneofthelargest"minority"groups–nearly20%oftheworldwidepopulationhassomeformofdisability.
2.
Inmanycountries,supportingpeoplewithdisabilitiesinelectronicandinformationtechnologyisalegalrequirementforsaleoruseofthattechnologyingovernment.
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Inmanycountries,providinganeducationtopeoplewithdisabilitiesisalegalrequirement,andmanyschoolsthereforewillnotpurchaseorusesoftwarethatdoesn'tsupportpeoplewithdisabilities.
4.
Itistherightthingtodo–morally,aswellasethically.
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4ImportanceofEnsuringAuthorsEncodeAccessibilityInformationintoDocumentsTheODFv1.
1specificationincludesmanyoptionalelementsthatarecriticalfordocumentcontentaccessibility.
Forexample;Optionalimagetextanddescriptions,Headingsfortables,andLogicalnavigationorderforobjectsinadrawlayer.
Itisvitalthattheseoptionalelementsshouldbeusedbydocumentauthorstoproduceanaccessibledocument.
ItisthereforeimportantthatODFapplications,atthebareminimum,allowdocumentauthorstoincludetheseoptionalelements.
Buttheuserinterfacepresentedtotheauthorfordoingthisshouldbestraightforward,simple,easytofind,andeasytouse.
TheidealODFauthoring/editingtoolwouldhaveafeatureormodethatauditsODFapplicationsforitsaccessibility,andflagstheaccessibilityproblemsitfinds.
JustasallODFapplicationshelptheauthortocreatedocumentswithoutspellingandgrammaticalerrors,agoodODFapplicationwilllikewisehelptheauthortocreatedocuments,whichareaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilities.
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5PuttingthepiecestogetherSoftwareiscomposedofdifferentcomponentswhich,togetherformanaccessiblereadingandeditingexperienceforpeoplewithdisabilities.
Thetool,whichtheauthorusedtocreatedtheODFdocument,mustofferasolutiontoencodetheaccessibilityinformationneededbyassistivetechnologies.
TheODFdocumentreadermustexposeODFaccessibilityinformationtoanyassistivetechnologiesrunningontheoperatingsystem.
Thisinformationshouldbeprovidedthrougharichaccessibilityframework.
withtheidealsituationofitbeingavailablewiththeoperatingsystem.
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Page13of532ODFApplicationAccessibility2.
1KeyboardNavigationWithoutUsingaMouseEveryfunctionoftheaccessibleODFapplicationmustbepossibleusingthekeyboard.
Manyuserswithphysicalimpairmentscannotuseamouse.
Forexample;blinduserscannotuseamousebecausetheycannotseewhereitismoving,willbeunabletoaccomplishtasksusingmouse.
However,itisnotenoughtosupportasequenceofkeystrokesforaccomplishingeverytask.
Thesequenceofkeystrokesshouldbeefficient,andshouldfollowconventionsonthatoperatingsystemfordoingsimilartasks(forexample;F10forfocusingthemenubar;ESCforcancelingdialogboxes;TABformovingbetweencontrolsinadialogbox).
SeetheseURLsforthecommonkeystrokesequencesforWindows,UNIXwithGNOME,andMacintosh.
AnotherimportantthingaboutthekeyboardaccessibilitysupportintheODFapplicationiscompatibilitywithOperatingSystemkeyboardsupportfeatures.
ForexamplethingslikeStickyKeysandFilterKeys.
ItisimportanttotesttheODFapplicationwithallofthesesupportfeaturestoavoidacompatibilityproblem.
.
Codewhichexaminesthestateofmodifierkeysuponreceptionofanevent,insteadofthemodifierflagsintheeventitself,isalikelysourceofStickyKeycompatibilityproblems.
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2ThemeSupport(includingOSfonts&colors)ODFapplicationsmustacceptthecolor,contrast,andfontchoiceinformation,whichtheuserhasmadeforhis/herdesktop.
Userswitharangeofvisionimpairments(suchasred-greencolorblindness)makethesesettingssothattheycanseeuserinterfacesrunningontheirdesktop.
Ifthedesktopsettingoffontsizeislargerthanstandard(forexample,an18pointfont)theODFapplicationshouldensurethatnotextinanymenu,dialogbox,orotheruserinterfaceelementissmallerthan18point.
IdeallytheODFapplicationshouldfurtheroptionallyscalethedocumentcontent,linkedtothedesktopfontsizesetting,withoutrequiringadditionaluserinteraction.
ThisextendstoeverypartoftheODFuserinterface,includingthingslikeprintpreview.
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Page14of53DesktopssuchastheGNOMEdesktoponaUNIXsystemofferanadditionalsettingsforvisionimpairmentscustomlargeprintandhighandlowcontrasticons.
Inthesecases,theaccessibleODFapplicationshouldworkaccordingtotheseoptions.
DesktopssuchastheMacintoshdesktopfailtoofferdesktopsettingsforcolor,contrast,andfontsize.
Ideally,accessibleODFapplicationusedonsuchdesktopswillallowtheusertochoosecolorsandfontswhichmeettheirneeds,independentofthedesktop.
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3InteroperabilitywithAssistiveTechnologiesOneofthemostimportantthingsforsupportingaccessibilitythatanODFapplicationmustdoistobecompatiblewithassistivetechnologies.
Forexample,iftheODFapplicationdoesn'tworkwiththescreenreaderapplicationonaparticularplatform/operatingsystem,thenblinduserswon'tbeabletousethatODFapplication.
IfthereisabasiclevelofinteroperabilitybetweentheODFapplicationandascreenreader,thenblindusersmaybeabletoaccomplishallofthereadingandeditingtasks,butnotnecessarilyinaveryefficientorproductivemanner.
Themajoroperatingsystemsareeithershipping,ordeveloping,anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkspecificallytofacilitatetheinteroperabilitybetweenassistivetechnologiesandsoftwareapplications.
TheODFapplicationshouldsupporttheaccessibilityframework,andfullyimplementitsaccessibilityAPI,ontheplatform(s)itrunson.
TheAPIshouldfullyexposetheaccessibilityinformationprovidedintheODFdocumentsuchasIAccessible2.
2.
3.
1CharacteristicsofEngineeredAccessibilityFrameworksAnengineeredaccessibilityframeworkthatcanprovidetherichsupportforinteroperabilitywithassistivetechnologies,neededtoyieldaproductiveandefficientuserinterfaceforpeoplewithdisabilities,hasfewcommoncharacteristics:1.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkprovidesawaytolocateeveryuserinterfaceelement–whereitisbothonthescreenvisuallyandwhereitisinthewindowhierarchy.
2.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkallowsanapplicationtodescribetherole(menuitem,checkbox,etc.
)andstatus(checked,selected,etc.
)ofeveryuserinterfaceelement.
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Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkprovideswaysofconveyingallthedetailsofcomplexuserinterfaceelements,including:a.
Theindividualcharacters,font,fontsize,fontstyle,textstyle,andcharacterboundingrectanglesoftext.
b.
Texteditingandselectioninformation,includingthelocationofthetextcaret,theabilitytomovethelocationofthetextcaret,andabilitytocut/copy/pastetextviatheaccessibilityinterface.
c.
TheabilitytosetthevaluesforobjectslikeSlidersandscrollbars.
d.
Theabilitytochooseoneoftheoptionsfromthepop-upmenu.
e.
Theabilitytolocateelementswithinthetablebytheirrow/columnandtheabilitytofindtherow/columnofagivenobjectwithinthattable.
4.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkprovidesawayofconveyingatleastbasicrelationshipsbetweenuserinterfaceelements(suchasatextlabellabelinganeditfield,andelementsbeingmembersofagroupsuchasacollectionofradiobuttons).
5.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkprovideseventsorsignals,indicatingasynchronousactionsthatchangeanyofawiderangeofinformationrelatedtotheuserinterfaceelements,including:a.
Auserinterfaceelementappearing,disappearing,ormovingb.
Auserinterfaceelementchangingstated(e.
g.
fromselectedtounselected)c.
Textbeingadded/replaced/deletedd.
Textchangingfont,fontstyle,etc.
e.
Thetextcaretmoving,orthetextselectionchangingf.
Thevalueofanobjectthattakesonarangeofchangingvalues6.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkisextensible,andasthenewuserinterfaceelementsaredeveloped,anaccessibilityframeworkshouldbeextendedtocommunicateanynewanduniqueaspectsofsuchnewelements.
7.
Anengineeredaccessibilityframeworkcanbeimplementedindependentofanyparticularuserinterfacetoolkitorlibraryused.
ThusanODFapplicationisnotrestrictedtousinganyparticularuserinterfacelibrary(forexample:withGNOMEoneneedn'tuseGTK+;itissufficienttoimplementATKinordertobeaccessibleinaUNIXenvironment).
2.
3.
2RecommendedEngineeredAccessibilityFrameworksThefollowingaccessibilityframeworksarerecommendedforODFapplicationstouseontheirrespectiveplatforms:OnUNIXsystems,usetheGNOMEAccessibilityAPI.
Thiscanbedonebyfollowingoneofseveralspecificuserinterfacetoolkits,includingGTK+,UNO,XUL,andJava/Swing;oritcanbedonebyimplementingOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page16of53supportforATKortheJavaAccessibilityAPIdirectly,orbyAT-SPIdirectly.
Inanycase,itishighlylikelythateitherATKorAT-SPIsupportwillneedtobeimplementedfortheediting/contentportionoftheODFapplication.
ThisiswellsupportedbyUNIXassistivetechnologiessuchastheOrcascreenreader/magnifier,andtheGNOMEOn-screenKeyboard.
OntheJavaplatform,usetheJavaAccessibilityAPI.
ThiscanbedonebyusingJava/Swingdirectly,orbyimplementingsupportfortheJavaAccessibilityAPIdirectly.
ThisiswellsupportedonUNIXsystemsviatheGNOMEAccessibilityframework(whichbridgestheJavaAccessibilityAPIoutoftheJavaVirtualMachine).
ThisispoorlysupportedonMicrosoftWindowsbyassistivetechnologiesviatheJavaAccessBridgeforWindows.
OntheMacintosh(OSXv10.
4orlater),usetheAppleAccessibilityAPI.
Thisissupportedbythebuilt-inVoiceOverscreenreader,andthebuilt-inmagnifier.
OnWindowsXP,usetheIAccessible2API.
ThisissupportedbyJAWSandWindowEyestoday,withmoreassistivetechnologysupportexpectedinthefuture.
Forweb-basedODFapplications,usetheWAI-ARIAinterface,whichissupportedbytheFirefox2.
0webbrowseronMicrosoftWindowsandseveralcommercialassistivetechnologyproductsincludingtheJAWSandWindowEyesscreenreaders.
SupportforWAI-ARIAisanticipatedonUNIXwiththereleaseofFirefox3.
0.
2.
3.
3SupportinganAccessibilityFrameworkWhethertheODFapplicationusesanexistinguserinterfacetoolkit,whichsupportsanaccessibilityframework,orimplementsalltheframeworksupportitself,itisimportantthattheODFapplicationaccuratelyexposesalloftheinformationaboutalloftheuserinterfaceelementsthattheaccessibilityframeworkcancommunicate.
ItisespeciallyimportantthattheODFapplicationfiresevents/signalswhenevertheuserinterfaceelementschangethestate,gain/losefocus,ortheircontentchanges.
Thisiscriticalbecausemanyassistivetechnologiesareeventdriven–reactingtotextappearingbyspeakingthetextfortheblinduser,reactingtothecaretmovingwithinthetextbyreadingthelettersbeingmovedthroughtotheblinduser,andmovingthemagnifiedviewtotrackthecaretforthelow-visionuser.
TheODFapplicationdevelopmentandtestingteamshouldtesttoensurethattheaccessibilityframeworkisproperlyimplemented–bothbyusingtesttools,andalsobyusingtheODFapplicationthroughtheassistivetechnologiesavailableforthatplatform.
ThisisideallydonebypeoplewithdisabilitieswhoareOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page17of53experiencedwithusingassistivetechnologiesHowever,evenjustturningoffthemonitorforadayandusingtheODFapplicationviaascreenreaderisextremelyhelpful.
2.
3.
4DealingwiththeAbsenceofanAccessibilityFrameworksTodaynoteveryplatformprovidesanaccessibilityframeworkthatissufficienttoconveytherichnessofanODFapplication,andwhichissupportedbytheassistivetechnologiesonthatplatform.
Unfortunatelyinthesecasestheonlyoptionmaybetoformabusinessrelationshipwithoneormoreassistivetechnologyvendors(whomaytheneithersupportsomenon-OS-definedaccessibilityframeworkthattheODFapplicationandassistivetechnologycanagreeon),orextendthereverseengineeringtechniques,whichaccessibilityframeworkotherwiseusestoprovideaccesstothatplatform,oracombinationofthetwo.
2.
4SpecialIssuesforWeb-basedODFApplicationsForweb-basedODFapplications,accessibilityposesspecialchallenges.
TheaccessibilityoftheODFapplicationissignificantlydependentuponthewebclientbeingused.
Web-basedODFapplicationsshouldutilizetheW3CWAI-ARIAspecification(currentlyindraftform)forconveyingalldynamic/interactiveportionsoftheirinterface.
UseofWAI-ARIA-throughabrowserthatsupportsWAI-ARIA,suchasFirefox,providessupportforassistivetechnologiesbyconveyingthecontent,meaning,context,andupdates/changesoftheuserinterface.
Further,theweb-basedODFapplicationmustaccepttheCSSsettingssetbytheusers,inordertosupportcolor,contrast,andfontsettings,whichtheusersindicateeitherontheirdesktop,intheirwebclient,orviatheirowncustomCSS.
Thebestchoiceofanaccessiblewebclientfordynamicwebapplicationsonadesktopcomputer(asofthedayofreleaseofthisdocument)isFirefoxonWindows.
FirefoxworkstosupportexposureofWAI-ARIAaccessibilityAPIinformationviaFirefoxonUNIXandMacintoshsystemsisunderway.
TheUNIXworkisexpectedtofinishinFirefox3.
0bymid-2007.
2.
5ODFHelpSystemAccessibilityHelpsystemsareoftenseparateapplicationfromtheODFapplication.
TheHelpsystemprovideshelpabouttheODFapplication,whichfromtheend-userpointofview,isafeatureoftheODFapplicationitself.
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Page18of53AnODFapplicationisnotfullyaccessibleunlesstheassociatedhelpsystemisalsoaccessible.
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Page19of533DocumentContentAccessibilityBasicsAccesstocontentforpeoplewithdisabilitieshasanumberofaspects.
Thesearediscussedbelow.
3.
1DocumentNavigationorStructureWellwrittendocumentsgenerallyhavearecognizablestructure.
AnexamplestructureisshownbelowTitleTellstheuseraboutthecontentsinthedocuments.
SummaryTellstheusertheimportantpointscoveredinthedocument.
TableofcontentorsimilarnavigationaidEnablestheusertofindtheirwayaroundthedocument.
Fromthisstructurethereadercandetermineifthedocumentisofinterestandprovidesthenavigationaidwhichmaybeusedtoquicklyaccessspecificcontent.
Accesstothepartsofadocumentthatprovidethesecluesiskeytonavigation.
AtitleisvisibletitletextmarkedinXMLasatext:helement.
ItisimportantthatimplementationssupporttheuseringeneratingappropriateXML.
VisuallyboldcenteredtextisnotthesameasatitleasfarasXMLisconcerned.
Theappropriateuseofstylesgreatlyhelpswithaccessibility.
Usenamedstylesinyourdocument;theseprovidethefoundationofthedocumentstructurewhichisusedbyaccesstechnologytoconveymeaningtotheuser.
3.
1.
1TextdocumentstructureThetextdocumentstructurecontainsStyles,StructureandVisualpresentation.
Namedstyles(heading1,Default,Listindentetc)areavailabletotheuserandprovidestructureinthesavedXMLfileondisk.
AdditionallyeachofthesenamedOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page20of53stylesmaybeformattedforagivenvisualpresentation.
Itisimportanttorealizethattheappropriateuseofstyleshelpsgreatly,withaccessibilityprovidingthefoundationofthedocumentstructure.
Authorsshouldusenamedstyleswithinadocumentsincethisprovidesthefoundationforthedocumentstructure.
Withregardtovisualpresentation,thisalsoallowsasinglestylechangetobereflectedthroughoutthedocument.
Stylenamescanalsobeusedwhencreatingatableofcontents.
Iftwovisuallyidenticalparagraphsarecreated,oneusingnamedstylesandtheotherusingstylingattributes,itisimportanttorealizethattheXMLproducedwillbedifferentforeachcase.
ThestructureofanODFtextdocument,referstotheuseofnamedstyles.
Theautomatedprocessingofstyleinformationisusedtogenerateatableofcontents,crossreferencesandmoreimportantly,presenttheoverallstructureofthedocumentforthereader.
Whenthedocumentissavedintoit'sdefaultform,anODFdocumentprovidesastructurebasedonthenamedstyleswhichallowsnavigationandaccessforothertools,usingtheExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)semanticmarkup.
Hencethestructureisimportantformorethanonereason.
OtherXMLtoolscanbeusedtoabstractaquickoverviewifneeded,byselectingspecificnamedstyleswhicharekeytothedocumentstructure.
Implementersneedtoassisttheuserinusingnamedstylesasopposedtomodifiedfontsizesandotherpresentationalaspects.
Therearethreepossiblewaystoobtainentriesinatableofcontents.
Theseare,theheadings(headinglevel1etc.
),tableofcontentsindexmarks,andnamedparagraphstyles.
Thetableofcontentsmaybeusedasadocumentoverview,soitisimportantfromthepointofviewofaccessibilityasithelpsreadersnavigateadocument.
Advice:Usenamedstylesinyourdocument;theseprovidethefoundationofthedocumentstructurewhichisusedbyaccesstechnologytoconveymeaningtotheuser.
3.
1.
2PresentationdocumentstructureForaslidepresentationsimilarlogicmaybeused.
Thetitleofeachslidepresentsavariationofatableofcontents,providingthepersonusingaccesstechnologywithanoverviewofthepresentationcontent.
Withmeaningfultitlesapresentationoutlineisavailableevenifthebodyofeachslideisfullygraphical.
Beyondthis,itisuptotheauthortohelpausercomprehendthepresentationstructure.
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Page21of53Withinasingleslide,ODFhastheideaofalogicalnavigationorder(seeODF1.
1,section9.
1.
4).
Thisenablestheauthortospecifyhowtheslideshouldberead.
Iftheimplementorhelpstheauthortospecifythisnavigationorderthentheendusercanreadilynavigatebetweentheobjectsonaslideasintended.
Forexample,akeyboardusermayusetheTABkeytoskipbetweentheimagesonaslide,andaccesstechnology,whichcanpresentinformationabouttheimagebasedonthetextualalternativedescription.
Advice:Ensureameaningfultitleforeachslide.
Ensuresufficienttextonasingleslidetoextractessentialinformation.
AlsoensurethatthereisameaningfulTABnavigationorderforitemswithintheslide.
3.
1.
3SpreadsheetdocumentstructureThereislittlestructuretoinformthereaderaboutthesheet,unlessaspreadsheethasmultiplesheets.
Aninformativeheadinggiventoeachsheetcanprovideonoverviewofthecontentsofaspreadsheet.
Implementorscanhelpbymakingiteasytoaddsuchheaders.
Rowandcolumnheadingsprovideananchorforthereaderwhennavigatingthroughthespreadsheet.
Ifthedataisaccessedserially,asinthecasewheresomeoneisaccessingthespreadsheetviaatexttospeechsystemorabraillesystem,thenitiseasytoforgettheheadingofthecolumnbeingaccessed.
Theimplementorcanhelpbymakingiteasyfortheusertoaddrowandcolumnheadings,andensurethatthesearecorrectlymarkedupinthesavedXML.
Advice:Areadernormallylooksforheadingsatthetopofaspreadsheet.
Columnandrowheadingsareessentialforaccesstechnology.
3.
1.
4ListstructureIfnotusedproperlylistscanconfusethereader,especiallyiftheyarenotwellstructuredandpresented.
Nestedlistsareareoftenvisuallyindentedfromtheparentlistitem.
Thisisnotthecorrectwaytoproducewellstructuredlists.
Implementorsshouldprovideanappropriatenestedstructurefornestedlistsandhelpuserscreatelistsinanappropriateway.
Advice:Usenamedstylesinyourdocument;theseprovidethefoundationofthedocumentstructurewhichisusedbyaccesstechnologytoconveymeaningtotheuser.
Thisisparticularlyimportantinnestedlists.
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1.
5PagebreaksWhenprintuserstalkaboutprintedmatter,acommonframeofreferenceistousepage34,thirdparagraphfromthebottom,orsimilarreferences.
Unlessareaderwithsightproblemscanaccessthepagenumbers,thisframeofreferenceisclearlyanexclusion.
Implementorsshouldprovidenotificationofpagebreaksonexport.
Thevisualpagebreaksusedintheprintlayoutmodeshouldbemadeavailabletoaccesstechnology.
3.
1.
6TablenavigationTablenavigationisespeciallyimportantfortableswhichspanmultiplepages.
Itisnecessarytoindicateclearlywhichcellscontainrowandcolumnheadings.
Implementerscanhelpbypromptinguserstoidentifyheadersandmarkingthemsemanticallywithintable:header-row.
Thisallowsaccesstechnologytoinformtheuserwhatthecolumnheaderisforthecellhavingcurrentfocus.
Usersshouldensurethatthosecellsarestructurallymarked(usingnamedstyles)ratherthanvisuallymarked(emphasisetc.
).
ImplementersshouldensurethattableheadercontentisavailabletoaccesstechnologynomatterwhatAPIisinuse.
Thereasonistoensurethatusershaveaccesstoheaderinformationevenwhenthereareanumberofpageswhichmakeupthetable.
Advice:Usestylestonametherowandcolumnheadingsappropriately.
Repeatheadingsifthetablespansmorethanonepage.
3.
1.
6.
1TableswithinpresentationsODF1.
1doesnotsupportstructuraltableswithinpresentations.
Implementerscanhelpbyusingembeddedspreadsheettables,whichdohaveastructure.
Thisisanothercasewherevisualandstructuralinformationcandiffer.
Embeddedspreadsheettableshaveafullynavigablestructure.
3.
2Provisionofalternativetextversionsofdocumentcontent.
Whenablinduserreadsyourdocumenttheywillnothaveaccesstoanydiagramsorimagesincludedwithinit.
Forexample,attachedtothisparagraphisanimage.
WhatcanyoufindoutaboutitForareaderusingaccesstechnology,theprovisionofanalternativeformisessentialiftheyaretogainaccesstotheinformation,whichiswhattheauthorgenerallywants.
Theimplementorcanhelpbymakingiteasyfortheauthortoaddanalternative(generallyatextualalternative)totheimage.
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Page23of53Theimplementorcanalsohelpbyprovidingafunctiontoaddanalternativetextrepresentationinaconsistentmanner.
Iftheuserhastoselectdifferentdrop-downmenus,withdifferentfly-outoptionsineachapplication,theninterestissoonlostandthereaderlosesout.
Chooseamethodwhichiscommonacrossapplicationsandwhichhelpstheauthoraddcontenteasily.
Ifthemethodworkswithlinedrawings,embeddedimages,audioclipsetc.
,thentheauthorgainsconfidenceintheapplicationandcanhelpthereadergainaccesstotheinformationprovidedbytheauthor.
Theimagemaybedescribedinoneoftwoways.
Asimpledecorativeimagecanbedescribedusingtheelement.
Foramorecompleximage(ordiagrametc.
)thereistheelement(equivalenttotheHTMLlongdescelement)whichprovidesawayofenteringamorecompletealternativetothevisualobject.
Nextthereisthedraw:captionelement.
Implementorscanhelpbyencouragingtheadditionofcaptions(oftenafewwordsprovidingalabelfortheobjectwhicharevisuallyassociatedwiththeobject).
Captionsareassociatedwiththedescriptionbymeansofthedraw:caption-idattribute.
Thismustbeaddedtolinktheobjectanditsdescription.
Implementorsmustprovidethemeanstoaddthesedescriptionsinaconsistentmanneracrossallofficeapplications.
Advice:Encourageuserstoaddtextualdescriptionsforanyimageswhichareimportanttoensurethedocumentsinformationismadeavailabletoallreaders.
3.
2.
1ImagemapsItispossibletoassignareasofanimageasbeingactivewithahyper-linktoanotherURI.
Thisiscommonlyknownasanimagemap.
Aswithanyimage,abriefdescriptionshouldbeprovidedusingtheelement,oralongerdescriptionusingifalongertextalternativeisneeded.
Thesetextdescriptionsshouldprovideinformationaboutthecontentattheendofanylinks.
Implementerscanhelptheauthortoenterthisbyprovidingastandarddialog,lettingtheauthorentertextforthealternativedescriptivetext.
3.
2.
2AudioinsertsWhenareaderwithahearingimpairmentreceivesoneofyourdocumentswillheorshehearwhatyouhaveinsertedForexample,ifanaudioobjectwereattachedtoaparagraph,wouldyouknowaboutOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page24of53Illustration1.
ApictureofapigitWhatdoyouknowaboutitWhatvolumewillitplayatHowcanareaderwithahearingimpairmentadjusttheplaybackvolumeIfareaderhasinsufficientauditorysensitivitytoaccesstheclip,howcantheimplementorhelptheauthortoprovideanalternativepresentationThemostgeneralmethodistoprovideatextualalternative.
HoweasyisitforanauthortoaddthatMusttheuserlearnanewtechniqueHelpthereaderbyhelpingtheauthor.
3.
2.
3ComplexdiagramsIfyouenteracomplexdiagramlikeanorganizationchartaspartofareport(SeeFigure1),doyourelyonreadershavingfullaccesstoitWhatifoneofthemcouldn'tseeitorcouldn'tmakeoutthedetailDoesthismeanit'sofnointeresttothemNo!
Thiskindofconsiderationmattersifthecontainedinformationisimportanttothecomprehensionoftheentiredocument.
HowcantheimplementorhelpthewriterofthedocumentConsidertherangeofdisabilitiesforwhichthisinformationmaybepresentedaccessiblyanddon'tmakeassumptionsaboutyourreader,youmaybesurprised.
Animplementershouldensureaconsistentwayinwhichtheauthorcanaddasimpletextualalternative.
Tothereader,thegraphicisavariantformofanimage,buttotheauthor,thealternativetextisanotherwayofpresentingtheinformation.
Implementorsshouldhelptheuserbymakingiteasytoprovideanalternativesolutions.
Businessreportsoftenincludegraphs.
I'veincludedadummysalesgraphlinkedtothisparagraph.
Itmaybeimportanttoyourreport,itcouldbeacrucialelementofit.
Ifthereadercan'tgetattheinformationthentheauthorseffortsareoflittleuse.
Thereaderneedstobeawarethatthegraphicisinsertedinthedocumentandneedtohaveaccesstoit.
Foracomplexgraphthetextualalternativecouldbeequallycomplex.
Agoodimplementationwillprovidefacilitieswhichenablealternativetextfromafewwordstoa100worddescription.
DoestheinputareaflexwithuseAnimplementorshouldtryusingittodescribeacoupleofgraphicsseenintextdocuments.
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Page25of53Illustration1:SalesGraph,1998to1999Row1Row2Row3Row4012345678910MaintitleColumn1Column2Column3Figure1.
NewOrganizationchartAdvice:Ensurethatreaderswhocan'taccessyournon-textcontenthaveanalternatetextualdescriptionoftheinformationyouprovideinagraphicaloraudiomodality.
3.
2.
4SummaryEachofthese(andtherewillbemore)showshowweindividuallyaccessinformation.
Manyofusscaninformationvisually.
Othersdon't,orcan't.
Ifanauthorprovidesequalaccesstoallreaderstheycanfeelconfidentinreachingamaximumpossibleaudience.
Ifanauthorwriteswithoutconsiderationfortheaudiencetheymaytotallymissanimportantpartoftheinformation.
Ifanimplementormakesiteasyforanauthortoconsiderandmeettheneedsoftheaudiencethentheobjectiveoftransmittinginformationisachieved.
Asubsequentsectionofthedocumentmaydependonagraphictounderstandalatersection.
Ifareaderhastotallymissedthatgraphic(forwhateverreason),thenthedocumenthaslessutility.
Ifyouknowalltherecipientsofyourdocumentthenconsiderthemall.
Ifyouarewritingforageneralaudiencethenthisdocumentwillprovideguidanceonhowyoucanmakeiteasierforthemtoaccesstheinformationthatyouarepassingon.
3.
2.
5WhydoanythingaboutitConsiderreceivingadocumentwhereonethirdofitisblackedout,orblank.
Evenifthesummarymakessense,youareleftwonderingwhatyouhavemissed.
Thecauseforsuchadocumentmaybecensorshiporacarelesswriter.
Ifyouareunabletoaccessvisual,auditoryandtextualcontentinadocumentthenyouareinthesamesituationwhenyoureceiveadocumentpreparedwithoutconsiderationforaccessibility.
3.
2.
6Summary,graphicalandaudioobjectsForeachchangeinmedia,thinkofpotentialreaderswhomaynotbeabletoaccessit.
Iftheinformationisimportant,provideanalternativeformatforthereader.
3.
3SpecialconsiderationsforsubtablesItisrecommendedthatshouldnotbeused.
TheODFspecificationforrequirestheuseofaspecialcelladdressingscheme.
Celladdressesareanimportantstructuralaidforuserswhoareblindandnotabletovisuallydeterminethelocationofacellwithinitstable.
SincethesubtableaddressingschemeisdifferentfromthenormaloneitisOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page26of53disorienting.
Thesamevisualeffectcanbeobtainedusingand.
Theuseoftheseattributeswillresultincelladdressingwhichisconsistentwiththesurroundingtable.
Theusageofsub-tablescanbeeasilybedisorientingasdescribedbelow:A1B1C1A2.
B2.
A1.
B2.
B1.
B2.
A2Table1:subtableexampleInthisexampleeachcellcontainsthecelladdressasdefinedbytheODFspecification.
Examplesofcelladdressare.
B2.
B1andC1.
Cellcontentsandcelladdressesareprovidedtousersofassistivetechnology(AT).
CelladdressesprovideessentiallocationinformationtoATusers.
InTable1,above,thereisaB2(.
B2.
B1)underanC1.
Thislocationinformationwillbeconfusinganddisorientingfortheuserwithvisibilityimpairment.
Withoutsignificantextraeffort,ablinduserhaslimitedaccesstothesubtable.
Thecelllocationinformationisalsoimportantwhenusingtableswithrowandcolumnheaders,forexamplethefirstrowandfirstcolumninthetableabove.
Inthistabletheuseofresultsinacelladdressingschemethatisdisjointfromtheaddressingschemeoftherowandcolumnheadersandthesemanticrelationshipisbroken.
Forexample,inthepriortablecellC1isaheaderofaB2cell.
Thevisualequivalentofthepriortableisthefollowingtablewhichwillresultwhenusingand.
InthiscasecellC1istheheaderofcellC2andameaningfullocationrelationshipbetweenthetwocellsismaintained.
A1B1C1A2B2C2B3Table2:Tableusingnumber-rows-spannedandnumber-columns-spannedattributesOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page27of534ConvertingbetweenODFandotherDocumentFormatsAccessibilityissuessurroundingdocumentformatconversionareoftenoverlooked.
ThissectioncoversissuesthatanofficeapplicationmustconservetopreserveaccessibilitywhenconvertingbetweenODFdocumentsandotherOfficedocumentssuchasHTML,DAISY,orMSOffice.
4.
1PreservationofAlternativeTextAlternativetextisusedtoprovidealternativestonon-textobjectssuchasdrawingorimages.
ThroughouttheODFspecification,andareusedtorepresenttheshortaccessiblenameandlongdescriptionofthesedocumentelements.
LongdescriptionsarenotnewtoHTMLhowevertheyarenewtoofficedocumentsformatsandconsequentlylongdescriptionsmaynotneedmapping.
Alternativetextisusedtodescribeagraphicordrawingobject.
Theuserswithvisibilityimpairmentprefertohearashortdescriptionforthesedocumentelementswhennavigatingadocumentwiththescreenreaderasitimprovesproductivityascomparedtousingalongdescription.
TheODFAccessibilitySubcommitteeintroducedlongdescriptionsfordrawingobjectstoprovidemoreinformationaboutthedrawings.
Thisisparticularlyimportantforcomplexdrawingsformedfromagroupofsmallershapes.
WhenconvertingtoandfromODFitisessentialthatalternativetextispreserved.
4.
1.
1Theattributerepresentstheshortaccessiblenameofthenontextdrawingobject.
Applications,supportingODF,mustensurethatthedoublequotescomethroughinthesubmitteddocument.
ODF1.
1ElementMSOfficeHTMLelementusingalt=".
.
"HTMLelementusingtitle=".
.
"1MicrosoftOfficeformatmappingisincompleteduetolimitedalternativetextsupport.
alt="">shortnameforimages.
Hinttextforlinks.
Theactualformatisnotavailableforlistinghere.
Noalternativetextattributedisprovided.
1MicrosoftOfficedoesnotsupportshortnamesandlongdescriptionsandthereforeauthorsusealternativetextaseithershortnamesorlongdescriptions.
WhenconvertingfromODFtoMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformats,officeapplicationsshouldfirstmaptheshortnametothealternativetext,ifitexists.
Ifnot,thelongdescriptionshouldbemapped.
WhenconvertingfromMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformatstoODFlongdescriptions,intheabsenceofashortname,assistivetechnologiesshouldprocessthelongdescriptionsasthealternativetextforadrawingobject.
ItshouldalsobenotedthatsincetheMicrosoftformatsarenotopenouranalysisoftheaccessibilityinformationprovidedbyMicrosoftOfficewastakenfromtheirDocumentObjectModelAPIs.
TheseAPIsformtheinteroperabilitylayerwithassistivetechnologiesonWindows.
Consequently,wedonothaveactual.
docformatinformationlistedhere.
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Page29of53ODF1.
1ElementMSOfficeHTMLelementusingalt=".
.
"HTMLelementusingtitle=".
.
"NomappingN/A:NodrawinglayerinHTML.
N/A:NodrawinglayerinHTML.
Thisisnotusedfortheshortnameforimages.
NomappingThisisnotusedfortheshortnameforimages.
NomappingThisisnotusedfortheshortnameforimages.
NomappingThisisnotusedfortheshortnameforimages.
Table1illustratesthepropermappingofODFaccessibilityshortnamestoHTML4.
01andMicrosoftOffice.
docformat.
4.
1.
2Theelementrepresentsthelongdescriptionofadrawingobject.
ODF1.
1ElementMSOfficeHTMLelementusingalt=".
.
"HTMLelementusingtitle=".
.
"HMLelementusinglongdec2MicrosoftNotUseOfficeformatmappingisincompleteduetolimitedalternativetextsupport.
applicabletothelongdescription.
title=";;">ifthisisasimplestring.
ifthisismorethanasimpletextstringsuchasithavingembeddedlinks,etc.
NomappingNotapplicabletothelongdescription.
NotsupportedinHTMLelementNomappingNotNot2MicrosoftOfficedoesnotsupportshortnamesandlongdescriptionsandthereforeauthorsusealternativetextaseithershortnamesorlongdescriptions.
WhenconvertingfromODFtoMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformats,officeapplicationsshouldfirstmaptheshortnametothealternativetext,ifitexists.
Ifnot,thelongdescriptionshouldbemapped.
WhenconvertingfromMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformatstoODFlongdescriptions,intheabsenceofashortname,assistivetechnologiesshouldprocessthelongdescriptionsasthealternativetextforadrawingobject.
ItshouldalsobenotedthatsincetheMicrosoftformatsarenotopenouranalysisoftheaccessibilityinformationprovidedbyMicrosoftOfficewastakenfromtheirDocumentObjectModelAPIs.
TheseAPIsformtheinteroperabilitylayerwithassistivetechnologiesonWindows.
Consequently,wedonothaveactual.
docformatinformationlistedhere.
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Page31of53ODF1.
1ElementMSOfficeHTMLelementusingalt=".
.
"HTMLelementusingtitle=".
.
"HMLelementusinglongdecapplicabletothelongdescription.
Supported3MicrosoftOfficeformatmappingisincompleteduetolimitedalternativetextsupport.
Notapplicabletothelongdescription.
Use:ifthisismorethanasimpletextstringsuchasithavingembeddedlinks,etc.
Table2illustratesthepropermappingofODFaccessibilitylongdescriptionstoHTML4.
01andMicrosoftOffice.
HTML'sLongdescisaspecialcasesituation.
ItshouldonlybeaddressedwhenimportingfromanHTMLdocument.
Inthecasewherelongdescreferstoaseparatefile,thefilemaycontainasignificantamountofHTMLcontent.
3MicrosoftOfficedoesnotsupportshortnamesandlongdescriptionsandthereforeauthorsusealternativetextaseithershortnamesorlongdescriptions.
WhenconvertingfromODFtoMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformats,officeapplicationsshouldfirstmaptheshortnametothealternativetext,ifitexists.
Ifnot,thelongdescriptionshouldbemapped.
WhenconvertingfromMicrosoftOffice.
doc,.
ppt,or.
xlsformatstoODFlongdescriptions,intheabsenceofashortname,assistivetechnologiesshouldprocessthelongdescriptionsasthealternativetextforadrawingobject.
ItshouldalsobenotedthatsincetheMicrosoftformatsarenotopenouranalysisoftheaccessibilityinformationprovidedbyMicrosoftOfficewastakenfromtheirDocumentObjectModelAPIs.
TheseAPIsformtheinteroperabilitylayerwithassistivetechnologiesonWindows.
Consequently,wedonothaveactual.
docformatinformationlistedhere.
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Page32of53Theuseragentwouldneedtodecide,whethertoprefertoconsumethecontentsofthefileandstoreitinateststring.
Typically,thetitletextwouldsuffice.
Veryfewwebpageauthorsmakeuseoflongdescasitrequiressignificantamountofworktocreatetheadditionalfile.
Useofthetitleattributetostoresignificantamountsoftextwouldbeeasiertodo.
4.
2PreservationofDocumentStructureHierarchyandLandmarksThepreservationofdocumentstructureiscriticalforaccessibility.
Structuralinformationisusedtogivethepersonwithadisabilitycontextofwheretheyarewithinadocument.
Thefollowingstructuralinformationmustbepreservedwhenconvertingbetweendocumentformats:Headingelementsincludingtheirlevel(perhapsdepthOrhierarchicallevel)ListstructuralelementsFooterelementsSpeakernoteelementsTablesPagebreaksandpagenumberingThepreservationofthisinformationmustbedonebyensuringcorrespondingtagsintheexistingcontentmodelaremappedduringformatconversion.
Useofstylingisinadequate.
Content,andnotstyling,ismappedtoplatformaccessibilityapplicationinterfaces(APIs)toconveystructuretoassistivetechnologies.
4.
2.
1PreservationofHeadingStructureODFsupportsheadingsandheadinglevels.
Itisimportantthattheheadingsanditslevelsshouldbepreservedtomaintainthestructuralsemantics.
Asanexample,wewillcovertheconversionofODFheadingandheadinglevelstoHTML.
Anyelementwhichdoesnotprovidealevel,intheformofthetext:outline-level>attributeisconsideredaleveloneheader.
HTMLincludeselementspertainingtoH1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6.
Officeapplicationsshouldconsiderlimitingtheirheadinglevelstothedocumentformatsthesupportexportingto.
Ignoringthestyles,thefollowingaretheheadercontent:Heading1SampletextOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page33of53Heading1.
1MoresampletextHeading1.
1.
1Heading2whichconvertstheaboveinformationinHTMLformatasshownbelow.
:Heading1SampletextHeading1.
1MoresampletextHeading1.
1.
1Heading2AlthoughlevelsinODFheadersaredefinedbyattributes,theconversionisstraightforward,giventhepredefinedheadinglevelsinHTML.
MicrosoftOffice.
docformatalsosupportsheadinglevelsandtheconversionshouldalsobestraightforward.
MicrosoftOffice.
docformatisproprietaryandthereforetheactualconversionisnotillustratedhere.
Bypreservingtheheadinglevelsinthecontent,anofficeapplicationcanmaptheinformationtostandardaccessibilityAPIstobeusedinanalternativeformsuchasascreenreaderwouldbeusingspeechapplication.
4.
2.
2PreservationoflistStructureWhenconvertingtoandfromODFitisimportantthatthelist'sstructuralhierarchyispreserved.
Assistivetechnologycanusethisinformationtoconveycontextuallistwithdetailinformation.
Theliststructureaccessibilityislostwhenanofficeapplicationusesstylingtoperformtheindentation.
AsanexampletheFigure1showsaconversionfromODFliststructuretoHTMLliststructure.
MicrosoftOfficealsosupportspreservationofliststructure.
Theactualformatisnotavailableforlistinghere.
Figure1:ListStructurePreservation–ODFtoHTML4.
0.
1BelowistheexampleoftheODFContent:HelloOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page34of53HolaHolaODFexpertGoodbyeAdiosWelcomeStep1Step1.
1Step1.
2Step2Setp3OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page35of53BelowistheconvertedHTMLcontent(withoutstyling):HelloHolaHolaODFexpertGoodbyeAdiosWelcomeStep1Step1.
1Step1.
2>Step2Setp3Toproperlypreservecontentstructure,eachembeddedlistmustbeenclosedwithintheenclosinglistitemasithasbeendoneinODF.
Inthisexampleanassistivetechnologycanaccuratelyconveythepropertylistdepthinformationaswellasthenumberofsiblingsatagivenlevel.
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Page36of534.
2.
3PreservationofPageHeaderandFooterstructureThepreservationofpageheaderandfooterinformationinapage,whensupportedbetweenfileformats,isessentialtomaintainthestructuralcontextandtoallowtheusertonavigatewithinthesectionsofapage.
InODF,thisinformationisstoredinthestyles.
xmlfilewithinthemaster-stylessectionasshowninthisexample:ThisisaheaderThisisafooterNeitherHTMLnorXHTMLsupportsapageheaderorfooterconstruct.
However,anewroleattributehasbeencreatedbytheHTMLworkinggroupwhichprovidesstandardrolesforstandardwebpagelandmarksaspartofitsnewXHTMLRoleAttributemodule.
Thestandardlandmarkofcontentmaybeusedtoidentifytheroleheaderandfooterforapage.
MicrosoftOfficesupportspreservationofheaderandfooterstructure.
Theactualformatisnotavailableforlistinghere.
4.
2.
4PreservationofSpeakerNoteelementsWhenconvertingfromonepresentationformattoanother,theofficeapplicationmustpreserveaclearoutlineofthespeakernote.
Ifspeakernotesectionsareonlyidentifiedusingstyling,inassistivetechnology,theusermaynotbeabletoidentifythecontentsofthespeakernotes.
Inshort,speakernotesshouldbeconsideredastructurallandmarkwhichmeansthatitmustbepossibleforanassistivetechnologytonavigatetothespeakernoteandaccessthecontentsofthespeakernote.
.
ThefollowingexampledenotesanODFspeakernotessectionusingthepresentation:noteselement.
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Page37of53ThisDecember,1991BytearticlewaswrittenbyRichSchwerdtfegerwithsidebarsbyJosephLazzaroWhenconvertingtoHTML,thereisnoelementwhichwoulddenoteaspeakernote.
However,anewroleattributehasbeencreatedbytheHTMLworkinggroupwhichprovidesstandardrolesforstandardwebpagelandmarksaspartofitsnewXHTMLRoleAttributemodule.
Thestandardlandmarkofnotemaybeusedtoidentifytheroleheaderandfooterforapage.
RenderingofthespeakernotecouldbeperformedthroughtheuseofscriptwhichchangesthevisibilityofthespeakernotesectionthroughtheuseofaCascadingStyleSheet.
MicrosoftOfficesupportspreservationofheaderandfooterstructure.
Theactualformatisnotavailableforlistinghere.
4.
2.
5PreservationofTablestructurePreservationoftablestructureisessentialforadisabledusertonavigateatable.
Auserwithvisibilityimpairmentcannotperceivewheretheyareinthetablewithoutpreservingcontext.
Thefollowingmustbepreservedwhentransformingonedocumentformattotheother:RowHeaderinformationColumnheaderinformation(ifsupported)RowdemarcationelementsCelldemarcationelementsCaptions(ifsupported)–mayneedtomovethistoalternativetextsectionSpreadsheetEquationsmusthavecellreferencesconsistentwithtablestructureODF1.
1doesnotsupportnativetablesinpresentations.
Usersimportingnon-ODFslidesthatcontaintablesneedaccesstothetablestructureviatheirassistivetechnology.
ThereforetablesimportedintoanODFapplicationfromOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page38of53anotherfileformatmusthavetheirstructurepreserved,andwhensavedasODFfilesshouldbesavedasembeddedspreadsheets.
TheODFTechnicalCommitteeisreviewingaddingnativetablesupportinafutureversionofODF.
MicrosoftOffice.
docand.
pptbothsupporttablestructurewiththeexceptionofheadinginformation.
ConversionfromODFtocorrespondingMicrosoftOfficeformatsshouldbestraightforwardandallstructuralinformationmustbepreservedwiththeexceptionoftableheaderthatarenotsupportedbyMicrosoftOffice.
TheactualMicrosoftofficeformatsarenotavailableandthereforethecorrespondingOfficeelementsarenotlistedhere.
4.
2.
6PreservationofPageBreaksAvisibilityimpaireduserormobilityimpairedusermaywishtonavigatebypageasthisreducesthenumberofkeystrokesrequiredtonavigateadocument.
Infact,ODF1.
1hasintroducedasoftpagebreak.
Whencombinedwithhardpagebreaks(insertedbytheuserandnotthroughautomaticpagination)thetwoitemsincombinationallowforpage-basednavigationinaDAISYdigitaltalkingbookconversion.
DAISYreadersareusedbyblindandpartially-sightedpeople.
4.
3MaintainingtheaccessibilityofFormElementsThefollowingaccessibilityfeaturesofformelementsmustbemaintainedlabelassociationswithinformcontrolsformcontroltitlesODFborrowstheseconceptsfromHTMLforms.
ODFsupportstheXFormsmodel,butnotXFormscontrols.
InXForms,labelwouldbeachildoftheform,whichcontrolsitlabels.
InODF,alabelreferencesisaformcontrol,likeHTML.
Thelabelingisdonebyusingtheform:forattributeandusingtheform:idoftheformcontrol.
Thefollowingexampleshowstheuseoflabelandtitleasappliedtoadatefield.
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Page39of53WhenexportingtoHTML,thelabelanditsassociationtotheformfield,aswellasthetitle,shouldbepreservedasfollows(notethisiswithoutfullstyling):DateMicrosoftOffice.
docformatdoesnotsupportforms.
4.
4MaintainingAssociationCaptionsODFallowsauthortocreateacaptionfordrawingobjects.
Structurally,itisnotclearthatthecaptionisassociatedwiththedrawingobject.
Toaddresstheproblemadraw:caption-idwascreatedtoestablisharelationbetweenthedrawingobjectandthetextcaptiondescribingtheobject.
TheidreferstotheXML:idoftheprosedescribingthedrawingobject.
Whenconvertingtootherdocumentformatsitisimportanttomaintaintherelationshipbetweenthecaptionandthecorrespondingdrawingobjectaslongaamechanismisprovided.
WhenconvertingtoHTML,drawingsareconvertedtoimages.
AlthoughHTML,natively,doesnotprovideacaptionrelationshipbetweentheimageandthecorrespondingprose,butitdoesprovideanotherassociationcalledthelongdescriptionorlongdesc.
Inthisexampleacodeiswritten,whichlinkslongdesctoaparagraphcontainingauniqueiddefiningtheprosetext.
Additionally,anHTMLanchorcontainingFigure1.
0,fromthestartofthetext,linksbackwardtothenamedanchorrepresentingthestartoftheimage.
Bymaintainingtherelationshipbetweentheimageanditscaptionitmakesiteasyfortheusertofindthecaptiontextforagivendrawing:OpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page40of53Figure1.
0AccessibilityInteroperabilityataDOMNodewithoutJavaScriptLongdescriptionofthefigure.
.
.
.
Figure1.
0ItisimportanttonotethatifotherdocumentformatsdonothaveprovisionforaddressingcaptionsthenexportingODFtothatdocumentformatwillresultinareductioninaccessibility.
MicrosoftOffice.
docformatdoessupportcaptionsfortablesanddrawings,however,theactual.
docformatisunavailableandthereforeitisunclearifthecaptioncanimplicitlybepairedwiththedocumentelementbeingcaptioned.
4.
5PreservationofMathMLaccessibilityinformationMathMListheacceptedstandardforrepresentingmathematicalnotationinXML.
AccessibilityisanimportantgoalofMathML.
ItcanbeusedbysyntheticspeechapplicationsortranslatedtoBraillemathcodesforusewithanembossertoprinthardcopyBrailleoronarefreshableBrailledisplayconnectedtoacomputer.
MathMLsupportsnavigationwithinamathematicalexpression.
MathMLalsoprovidessupportforsynchronizedhighlightingofwhatisspokenforthemath,whichisanimportantaccessibility,consideringbothforuserswithlowvisionaswellaspeoplewith-printrelatedlearningdisabilities,suchasdyslexia.
Forthesereasons,MathMLisbeingincorporatedintootheraccessibilitystandards,suchasDAISYandotherebookanddocumentstandards.
MathMLisalsoanacceptedstandardforcompatibilitybetweencomputerapplications.
Twoofthemanyapplicationsthatcanacceptand/orproduceMathMLareMicrosoftOffice2007andMathematica.
MathMLissupportedinXHTMLbyFirefox,orInternetExplorerwhenusedwiththe(free)MathPlayerplug-in,whichinterfaceswithscreenreaderstomakethemathaccessible.
MathMLisalsosupportedinHTMLbyInternetExplorerandinanexperimentalversionofFirefox,butduetothelackofuniversalMathMLimplementationinallbrowsers,HTMLcross-platformcompatibilityisdifficulttoensure.
Animgtagwithalttextdoesprovidecrossplatformcompatibility,butatacostofallbutthemostrudimentarylevelofaccessibilitytomath.
Mathimagescannotbeenlargedwellforlargeprint,norcantheircolorsbechangedforthosewithcolordisabilities.
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Page41of53Mathequationssuppliedinimageformatscannotbenavigated(otherthanthedescriptionsuppliedinthealttext).
MathsequationscannotbetranslatedtoBraille,norcansupportsynchronizedhighlightingItisalsoimportanttonotethatgeneratinggoodalttextformathisnotsimplebecauseitmustbeunambiguous.
Forexample,"1overnplus2"canmean"1/n+2"or"1/(n+2)".
Furthermore,certaincategoriesofreadersmayrequireenhancedverbositywhileothermayfindthismoreconfusing.
Althoughimageswithalttextmightseemlikeanaccessiblealternative,theiruseshouldbediscouragedforthereasonslistedabove,andMathMLshouldbeusedinsteadofimageswheneverpossible.
TheMicrosoftOfficespecificationforits(.
doc,.
ppt,.
xls)mathsupportisunavailableandthereforeitisnotknownhowtopreservemathaccessibilityinformationwhenconvertingbetweenODFandMicrosoftofficeformats.
4.
6PreservationofSynchronizedMedia(animations)SMILAnimationsinODFapplicationsareachievedusingtheSynchronizedMediaIntegrationLanguageorSMILwhichsupportsaccessibility.
SMILsupportsaccessibilitybyallowingsynchronizationoftextwithaudioforsignificantaudioformats.
ODFonlyusesSMILtosynchronizeanimationssuchasflyins.
Forthis,noadditionalworkisrequiredaslongaswhencontentisrenderedtheusercontinuestomaintainfocusandtheusercontinuestocontroltheanimation.
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Page42of535SpecialConsiderationforalternativemediaproducedfromODFJustasODFdocumentsareprinted,theymaybeprintedinlarge-print,braille,orproducedaccordingtospecializedmultimediastandardsfortheuseofpersonswithdisabilities.
Itmayseemcounterintuitive,butaudioisaprimarymediumforprovidingaccessibilitytomanypersonswithdisabilities.
Whetheritisanaudiorecordingofsomeonereadingtext,orarealtimecomputergenerated"Text-To-Speech(TTS)"rendition,personswhoareblind,wholivewithseverelyimpairedvisionorwithlearningdisabilities,oftenuseaudioastheirprimaryreadingmodality.
WhilewedonotexpectODFapplicationsshouldbecomeaudiorecordingandeditingapplications,therearecriticalconsiderationsthatshouldbeobservedinorderthatODFdocumentsmightbeeasilyusedtocreateusablealternativemedia,includingaudio,brailleandlargeprint.
5.
1WhereandHowAudioisUsedforAccessibilityAudiorenditionsoftextualcontentwerecommonlyusedtoprovidealternativeaccessforprintdisabledindividualslongbefore"audiobooks"becamecommerciallyavailable.
Whenlargeprintversionscannotserve,whenbrailleisnotanoption(forwhateverreason),audiohashistoricallyfilledthegap.
Audiorenditionshavebecomesocommonandpowerfulthatdevelopmentonmoreeffectiveuseofaudiohascontinued.
InrecentyearsbestpracticeinaudiorenditionhasbeencodifiedinanANSI/NISOstandard,Z39.
86.
ThissamespecificationhasbeenadoptedinternationallybyaconsortiumoflibrariesfortheblindandprinthandicappedcalledtheDAISYConsortium(URL:www.
daisy.
org).
Inturn,thisANSIspecificationalsoservesasthebasisfortheU.
S.
legalmandatetoprovideaccessibletextbooksandcurricularmaterialinU.
S.
Schools,knownasNIMAS(URL:nimas.
cast.
org).
Materialsproducedinaudioincludeeverythingfromnovelsforleisurereading,tonewspapers,magazines,andtechnicalreferencematerial(inadditiontocurricularmaterial).
TherearealsonationalprogramsforcreatinganddistributingsuchcontentacrossEurope,Canada,Australia,andJapan,aswellasmanyothercountries.
5.
2HowODFFitsInODFauthoringapplicationsarerelevanttoalternativemediaproduction,becausealternativemediaproduction,includingaudio,almostalwaysbeginasdoesanyOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page43of53document,authored,spell-checked,proofread,andpreparedforprintingtopaper.
BecausetheANSI/NISOandtheNIMASstandardsareXMLspecifications,thereexiststheopportunitytodirectlytransformaproperlypreparedODFdocument.
Thus,ODFcanreadilyserveasanauthoringenvironmentnotonlyforprintande-documents,butforbraille,large-print,andaudioalternativerenditions.
ODFis,infact,wellsuitedtosupportcommonlyavailableauthoringtoolsintheproductionoflegallymandatedalternativemedia.
5.
2.
1SoftPageBreaksandHardPageNumbering[Reftospecrevision]atSection4.
2.
6Eventhesimplestcontentcannotbediscussedinagroupenvironmentifthereisnosimplemechanismtopointthegroupmemberstoaparticularlocationinthedocument.
Paginationisthemostcommonresolutiontothisproblem,e.
g.
peoplewillsaysomethinglike:"pleaselookatpage3beginningatparagraph2.
"Howeverpaginationneedsspecificcodinginordertosupportalternativemediawhereactualpagenumberswillbeverydifferent,e.
g.
printpage7maybebraillepage48.
Alternativemediasuchasaudiolargeprintandbraillerequireamechanismthatallowsuserstoknow,whichpagenumberisbeingreferredtointhesourcedocument.
5.
2.
2StructuralMarkupEffectiveuseofaudiorenditionsrequiresthatusershavetheabilitytomovequicklybackandforththroughtheaudiorenditionbasedonthestructureofthedocument.
Traditionalaudioplaybackequipmentprovidedfastforwardandrewindmechanisms,butthesearehighlyinefficientbecausetimeoffsetsareactuallyirrelevanttocontent.
Effectivesupportofalternativerendering,andespeciallyaudiorendering,requiresthatthesourcedocumentshouldbecorrectlytaggedwithstructuralmarkup.
BoththeANSIandNIMASspecificationsrelyonXMLmarkuptoallowrenderingagentstosupportquickmovementforwardandbackwardthroughcontentbasedonchapters,subsections,footnotes,paragraphs,andotherstructuralelements.
Themosteffectivedevicesallowuserstoadjust"levels"ofnavigationgranularity,sothathierarchicalstructuressuchasX.
Y.
ZmightbenavigatedattheXlevel,theYlevel,ortheZlevel,attheuser'soption.
ThisprovidesfurtheremphasisontheimportanceofdocumentstructurewhenanODFdocumentisexported.
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Page44of536GlossaryofTermsAccessibilityAPIAnAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)designedtoallowanassistivetechnologytointeroperatewithanapplicationtoprovidealternativerenderings,suchasspeechforpeoplewithdisabilities.
Examples:MicrosoftActiveAccessibility(MSAA),GNOMEAccessibilityAPI,JavaAccessibilityAPI,IAccessible2.
Accessibilitychecker(orAccessibilityevaluationtool)Astandalonesoftwaretoolorofficeapplicationfunction,whichcheckstheaccessibilityofODFfilesAuseragentAssistivetechnologySoftwareapplicationsordeviceswhichassistpeoplewithdisabilitieswhocannotaccessstandarduserinterfaces.
Providesenhancementsorchangedinputandoutputmethods,suchasaudio,Braille,softwarekeyboard,magnification.
Etc.
ATKATKisanacronymfor"AccessibilityToolKit",anAccessibilityAPIusedtoexposeinformationonUNIXandGNOMEdesktops.
ATKisimplementedbyGTK+,andexposedbyXULandUNO(andthusFirefox,Thunderbird,StarOffice,andOpenOffice.
org)onUNIXdesktops.
AT-SPIAT-SPIisanacronymfor"AssistiveTechnologyServiceProviderInterface".
ItistheplatformandAPI-neutralinter-processcommunicationmechanismandinterfaceforassistivetechnologiesontheUNIXdesktop.
ItisusedbyUNIXassistivetechnologiesinordertoobtainaccessibilityinformation(andtocontrolapplications)thatareinadifferentprocessaddressspacethantheassistivetechnology.
ApplicationsaccessibleviaAT-SPIincludeGTK+applications(implementingATK),UNOapplications(alsoimplementingATK),XULapplications(alsoimplementingATK),andJava/Swingapplications.
Brailledisplay(orrefreshableBrailledisplay)AdevicecontainingarowofBraillecells,andpotentiallyadditionalBraillecellsnotintherow,andpotentiallyaseriesofbuttons,thattogetherisusedtorepresenttexttosomeonewhoreadsviatouch–movingtheirfinger(s)overtheBraillecells.
TheBrailledisplayistypicallydrivenbyascreenreader,whichtellsitwhattexttodisplayonOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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Page45of53thecells.
EachBraillecellrepresentsacharacterorcontractedsetofcharacters.
Optionalbuttonsonthedevicesmaybeusedtocommunicatewiththescreenreader–allowingtheusertoscrollthetext,orto"click"ontext(typicallywhenthebuttonsarepositionednexttoeachBraillecell).
CaptionAtextualdescriptionformoviesforthedeaforhardofhearingpeople.
Opencaptionsarealwaysdisplayedonthescreen,andclosedcaptionscanbehiddenordisplayed.
Ashorttextualdescriptionfornon-textualobjects(e.
g.
imagesandcharts)orcomplicatedvisualstructures(e.
g.
tables)onascreen.
Acaptionisvisibleonthescreen(incontrasttoalternativetext,whichisnotvisibleonthescreen).
CaretAvisibleinsertionpointinatexteditinginterface.
(See"insertionpoint")Compatibility(ofUserInterface)Theconceptofuserinterfacecompatibilityreferstoasetofapplicationsthatcanallbeusedwithsimilaroperations.
Forexample,iftheControlkeyplustheRightcursorkeyisassignedtomovethecarettotheendofthenextwordinseveralrelatedprograms,thenthisispartoftheircompatibleuserinterface.
Compatibility(ofAccessibilityAPI)TheconceptofaccessibilityAPIcompatibilityreferstoasetofapplicationsthatsupportthesameaccessibilityAPItocontrolassistivetechnologies.
AnycombinationofapplicationandassistivetechnologythatsupportsthatAPIwillworktoallowuserstoaccessthecompatibleapplication.
ConverterAuseragentwhichconvertsdocumentsintoODFfilesorODFfilesintoothertypesofdocuments.
Atooltohelpauthorsorusersofotherapplications.
CursorAcaret.
Amarkertoindicateapositiononascreen.
Sometimesusedas"mousecursor",inwhichcaseitisthemarkertoindicatethepositionofthemouseonthescreen.
CursorkeysAsetofdirectionalkeysusedfordirectionaloperations(suchascursormovementsorsub-menuoperations).
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Page46of53DAISY(DigitalAccessibleInformationSYstem)Astandardformatfordigitaltalkingbooks.
URL:"DAISYConsortium"http://www.
daisy.
org/DynamictextentryAtypeofassistivetechnologyforpeoplewithseverephysicalimpairmentsthatprovidesforextremelyrapid(dynamic)entryoftextforsomeonewhocanonlymovetheirheadoreyes.
Dasher,developedbytheUniversityofCambridgeInferenceGroupisthesoleknownexampleofthiskindofassistivetechnology.
FilterKeysSometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisakeyboardenhancementthatoptionallyfiltersoutrepeatedkeystrokesiftheyoccurwithinashortspecifiedtime.
Thisisimportantforpeoplewithavarietyofhandtremorswhomightaccidentallypressakeymultipletimesunintentionally.
Itisoftenusedinconcertwitharepeatkeysetting.
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceCenter,andisincludedwithmostdesktopoperatingsystems(includingWindows,Macintosh,Solaris,Linux,andotherUNIXvariants).
GNOMEAccessibilityAPIAnaccessibilityAPIdesignedfortheGNOMEdesktopenvironmentandUNIXdesktops,derivedfromtheJavaAccessibilityAPI.
ItwasdevelopedbytheGNOMEcommunityundertheleadershipofSunMicrosystems,Inc.
GTK+GTK+isanacronymforthe"TheGIMPToolKit",whilst"GIMP"isitselfanacronymforthe"GNUImageManipulationProgram".
GTK+wasoriginallydevelopedasagraphicaltoolkitfortheuserinterfaceelementsofGIMP,butrapidlybecameanindependentlibraryusedbyGNOMEdesktopapplications.
GTK+supportsATK.
Java/SwingTheJavaplatformincludesavarietyoflibraries,includingtheSwinguserinterfacelibraryforcreatingcrossplatformapplicationswithrichgraphicaluserinterfaces.
Inthecontextofthisdocument,"Java/Swing"meansaJavaapplicationthatutilizestheSwinguserinterfacelibrary.
Java/SwingsupportstheJavaAccessibilityAPI.
IAccessible2AnaccessibilityAPIderivedfromtheGNOMEandUNOAccessibilityAPI;developedbyIBMandsubmittedtotheFreeStandardsGroupforstandardization.
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Page47of53ItcomplementsMSAAbysupportingadditionalfunctionsnecessaryforthesupportofODFapplications,suchastextcontrols,headingstables,hyperlinks,andrelationshipsbetweenobjects.
InsertionpointThepositioninastringoftextwherecharacterswillinsertedwhenauserinputstextbyusingtextentrymethod.
Theinsertionpointshouldbemarkedwithaninputcursororcaret(forsightedusers).
Interoperability(ofODFeditors)TheabilitytoexchangedocumentsamongasetofODFeditingprograms.
AnydocumentgeneratedbyanymemberofasetofinteroperableODFeditingprogramscanbereadbyanyotherODFeditingprogramintheset,andwillberenderedasdefinedintheODFspecification.
JavaAccessibilityAPIAnaccessibilityAPIforclient-sideJavaapplications(originallydevelopedthroughacollaborationbetweenIBMandSunMicrosystems,Inc.
).
ItisimplementedinGUIlibrarieswritteninJava,suchasAWTandSwing.
LandmarksFornon-visualnavigationbyusingscreenreaders,alandmarkreferstoavirtuallandmark.
Ablindusercanmemorizesomepartofadocumenttouseasalandmarkfornavigation.
Intentionallyinsertedsupplementallandmarkscangreatlyhelpuserstonavigateinadocument.
TheprimarytypeofsupplementallandmarkintheODFspecificationistheheadingtag"Heading()".
MicrosoftActiveAccessibility(MSAA)ACOM-basedaccessibilityAPIforapplicationsonWindowsplatformsdevelopedbyMicrosoftCorporation.
ItissupportedforWindows98,Windows2000,WindowsMe,WindowsXP,andWindowsVista.
MouthstickAdevice,heldinthemouth,thatisusedtopresskeysonakeyboard.
Thisistypicallyusedbysomeonewhoisunabletotypewiththeirhands.
ODFeditorAuseragentwitheditingcapabilitiesforaccessandmodificationofODFdocuments.
Anauthoringtool.
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Page48of53ODFgeneratorAuseragent(softwaretool)ontheclientorserversidethatgeneratesODFfiles.
Anauthoringtool.
ODFreaderAuseragentwithouteditingcapabilities,butenablingpeopletoaccessODFcontent.
On-screenkeyboardAsoftwareprogramthatpresentsakeyboardinawindowonthescreen,allowingtheusertoselectkeyboardkeysundersoftwarecontrol,asdrivenbysomesortofinputdevice(suchasaswitchdevice).
Themoresophisticatedon-screenkeyboardapplicationsliketheGNOMEOn-screenKeyboard(GOK)willalsoprovideavarietyofadditional"keyboards":oneshowingthemenuchoicesofthetopmostapplication,oneshowingthetoolbaritemsofthetopmostapplication,oneshowingtheuser-interfaceelements(andvisiblehyperlinks)ofthetopmostapplication,etc.
Anassistivetechnology.
RelationshipsTheconceptofarelationshipbetweenvisualobjectsonascreen,necessarytounderstandthescreencontents.
ODFhasfunctionalitytoaddrelationshipsbetweenobjects.
ForExample.
form:for(See11.
5.
7),draw:caption-id(See9.
2.
15)SynchronizedmediaAcategoryofmultimediacontentswherevarioustypesofmediacontentsuchasvideo,audio,text,andgraphicsarecombinedbyusingtimingandsynchronizationcontrols.
Examples:DAISY,SMIL.
ScreenmagnifierAsoftwareprogramusedtomagnifyanyobjectonscreen(e.
g.
characters,images,etc.
).
Typicalscreenmagnifiersnotonlymagnifythecontentsofthescreen,butalsotracktheobjecttheuserisinteractingwith–thelocationofkeyboardfocus,thetextcaret,andthemousecursor.
Anassistivetechnology.
ScreenreaderAprogramusedtoreadaloudfromofficeeditorscreensorofficereaderscreensfornon-visualusers,aswellasotherapplications.
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OftenscreenreadersalsosupportrefreshableBrailledisplays.
Anassistivetechnology.
ShowSoundsSometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisadesktopsettingthatindicatestoapplicationsoftwarethatitshouldconveyaudioinformationvisually(e.
g.
bydisplaytextcaptionsorinformativeicons).
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceCenter.
SlowKeysSometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisakeyboardenhancementthatrequiresthatakeybepressedforaspecifiedperiodoftimebeforethekeystrokeisaccepted.
Thisisimportantforpeoplewithavarietyofhandtremorswhomightaccidentallypressakeybrieflyandunintentionally.
Itisoftenusedinconcertwitharepeatkeysetting.
Further,itisoftenusedwithToggleKeystoemitatonewhenakeyislocked.
ImplementationsofStickyKeysprovideavarietyofoptionalvisualindicationstoshowwhatkeyismadesticky.
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceCenter,andisincludedwithmostdesktopoperatingsystems(includingWindows,Macintosh,Solaris,Linux,andotherUNIXvariants).
SoundSentrySometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisadesktopenhancementthatcausesavisualindicationtobemadewheneversoundisusedtoindicateawarningorerror(asopposedtoplayinggeneralWAVfiles).
Thisisimportantforpeoplewhoaredeaf.
Commonvisualindicationoptionsaretoflashtheentirescreen,flashthewindow,flashthewindowtitlebar,andflashthedesktop-widemenubar.
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceCenter,andisincludedwithmostdesktopoperatingsystems(includingWindows,Macintosh,Solaris,Linux,andotherUNIXvariants).
SpeechrecognitionSoftwarethatiscapableofrecognizinghumanspeech.
Speechrecognitionistypicallyusedaspartofanapplicationthatprovidesspeechcontrolofotherapplications,and/ordictation.
StickyKeysSometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisakeyboardenhancementthatwilllock(ormake'sticky')thevariousmodifierkeysonakeyboard,suchasSHIFT,CONTROL,andALT.
Thisisimportantforpeoplewhocanonlypressonekeyatatime–suchasusersofamouthstick.
Itisoftenusedinconcertwitharepeatkeysetting.
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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SwitchdeviceAhardwareswitchdesignedforsomeonewithlimitedmobility.
Switchdevicesarecommonlymountedonwheelchairs,wheretheyareactivatedbyausershruggingtheirshoulder,movingtheirhead,orotherwisemovingsomepartoftheirbodyagainsttheswitch.
Therearealsosip-and-puffswitchesthatareactivatedbysippingand/orpuffingthroughastraw.
Switchesarecommonlyusedwithon-screenkeyboardsoftwareinordertoentertextandcontrolotherapplicationsonadesktop.
ToggleKeysSometimesthoughofasabuilt-inaccessibilityaid,othertimesasanassistivetechnology,itisakeyboardenhancementthatrequiresthatakeybepressedforaspecifiedperiodoftimebeforethekeystrokeisaccepted.
Thisisimportantforpeoplewithavarietyofhandtremorswhomightaccidentallypressakeybrieflyandunintentionally.
Itisoftenusedinconcertwitharepeatkeysetting.
Further,itisoftenusedwithToggleKeystoemitatonewhenakeyislocked.
ImplementationsofStickyKeysprovideavarietyofoptionalvisualindicationstoshowwhatkeyismadesticky.
ItwasdevelopedbytheTraceCenter,andisincludedwithmostdesktopoperatingsystems(includingWindows,Macintosh,Solaris,Linux,andotherUNIXvariants).
TTS(Text-to-Speech)Aspeechsynthesissystem:oftencalledTTSbecauseofitsabilitytoconverttexttospeech.
UIAutomationAnalternativeaccessibilityAPItoMSAAdevelopedbyMicrosoftCorporation.
ItisavailableonallsystemsthatsupporttheWindowsPresentationFoundation(WPF).
Itprovidesfunctionsforcreatingautomatedtestingtools,andassistivetechnologies.
UniversalAccessAPIAnaccessibilityAPIdevelopedbyAppleInc.
Itisincludedwithinthe"UniversalAccess"featuresinMacOSX10.
4orlater.
UNOAccessibilityAPIAnaccessibilityAPIdevelopedforOpenOffice.
orgapplications,derivedfromtheJavaAccessibilityAPI.
ItwasdevelopedbytheOpenDocumentFormatv1.
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ItistranslatedintotheJavaAccessibilityAPIonWindows,andintotheGNOMEAccessibilityAPIonUNIXsystemssystems.
UNOUNOisanabbreviationfor"UniversalNetworkObjects",auserinterfacelibraryandtoolkitdevelopedbytheOpenOffice.
orgprojectforuseintheOpenOffice.
organdStarOfficeapplications.
UNOsupportstheUNOAccessibilityAPI.
Useragent(orODFuseragent)AnytypeofsoftwaretoolwhichreadsorwritesODFfiles.
VoiceofficeeditorAuseragentwitheditingcapabilitiesforuserswhopreferaudiointeractivity.
Anofficeeditor.
Anassistivetechnology.
Anauthoringtool.
VoiceofficereaderAuseragentwithouteditingcapabilitiesforuserswhopreferaudiointeractivity.
Anofficereader.
Anassistivetechnology.
XULXULisanabbreviationfor"XMLUserInterfaceLanguage",auserinterfacemarkuplanguagedevelopedbytheMozillaFoundationforuseinMozillafamilysoftwareapplications(includingtheFirefoxwebbrowserandtheThunderbirde-mailapplication).
XUL-runtimes(Firefox,XULRunner,etc.
)supporttheATKaccessibilitytoolkitonGNOMEsystems,andtheMSAAandIAccessible2interfacesonWindows.
WorkisunderwaytosupporttheAppleAccessibilityAPIaswell.
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Page52of53AppendixA.
AcknowledgmentsContributors:ChiekoAsakawa,IBMPeteBrunet,IBMHiroTakagi,IBMRichardSchwerdtfeger,IBMDavidClark,IndividualStephenNoble,IndividualDavidPawson,IndividualJaninaSajka,IndividualPeterKorn,SunMicrosystems,Inc.
MalteTimmermann,SunMicrosystems,Inc.
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