Finallykaixin001.com

P.
Camposetal.
(Eds.
):INTERACT2011,PartIII,LNCS6948,pp.
234–241,2011.
IFIPInternationalFederationforInformationProcessing2011PrivacyConcernandTrustinUsingSocialNetworkSites:AComparisonbetweenFrenchandChineseUsersLiChenandHoKeungTsoiDepartmentofComputerScience,HongKongBaptistUniversityHongKong,China{lichen,hktsoi}@comp.
hkbu.
edu.
hkAbstract.
Thoughprivacyandtrusthavebeenstudiedinthesocialnetworksite(SNS),fewhaveidentifiedtherelationshipsamongusers'privacyconcern,trustandtheiractualusagebehaviorinSNS.
Moreover,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtoinvestigatingthedifferencesbetweenusersfromdifferentculturalcontexts.
Inthispaper,wehavebeenengagedinaddressingtheseconcernsbysurveyingtwotypicalusergroups.
TheanalysisoftheiranswersshowedthatFrenchandChinesearenotonlysignificantlydifferentregardingprivacyandtrustbeliefinSNS,butalsoactsignificantlydifferentindisclosingpersonalinformation,postingmessages,anddevelopingnewrelationships.
Furthermore,theeffectofprivacyconcernandtrustonusers'visitingfrequencyandwillingnesstomeetnewpeopleisalsofounddifferentbetweenthetwogroups.
Keywords:socialnetworksite,privacyconcern,trust,usagebehavior,culturaldifferences.
1IntroductionWiththeincreasingpopularityofsocialnetworksites(SNS)worldwide,moreandmoreattentionshavebeenpaidtounderstandingusers'behaviorwhentheyareusingthesites.
OnemajorconcerniswhetherusersarewillingtodisclosetheirpersonalinfoandtendtomeetnewpeoplethroughtheSNS.
Itisalsointerestingtoknowwhetherusersactivelypostinformationregularlyandwhomtheyallowtoaccesstheinfo.
Theseissuesareinnaturerelatedtousers'privacyconcernandtrustformationinthesite.
Indeed,trusthaslongbeenrecognizedastheprimaryfactorleadingtosuccessfulonlinetransactionsandinteraction.
Priortrust-relatedinvestigationsine-commercesitesshowedthathighertrustcanpromptuserstohavemoreintentiontopurchaseaproduct,andtoreturntothesiteforrepeateduses[3].
Ontheotherhand,ithasbeenrecognizedthatifauserworrieshis/herpersonalinfowillbeusedbythesiteforotherpurchases,s/hewillunlikelytrustthesiteandhencenotbesoactiveindisclosingher/hispersonalinfo.
Thus,privacyconcernseemstobeadominantfactorininfluencingusers'trustbuilding,andtrustwouldfurtherbetheantecedentaffectingusers'actualbehaviorinthesite.
However,thoughtheconcept"trust"hasbeenextensivelystudiedinSNS,thefocushasbeenmainlyontestingandenhancingtrustrelationbetweenusers[2],notPrivacyConcernandTrustinUsingSocialNetworkSites235onassessingusertrustintheSNSitself.
Moreover,thoughstudiesonusers'motivesandusesofSNS(e.
g.
,Facebook)havebeenperformed[6,7,8]andsomeevenmeasuredusers'privacyperceptionindifferentSNSsites[1],fewhaveexperimentallyidentifiedtherelationshipamongprivacyconcern,trust,andusers'actualbehavior.
Anothervacancyofrelatedworksisthatfewhaveassessedwhetherpeoplefromdifferentnationalitieswouldpossessdifferentprivacyconcerndegrees,andwhethertheiruseofSNSwouldbealsodifferentaspotentiallyimpactedbytheirprivacybeliefandtrustinthesite.
Thus,inthispaper,wereportsomeinterestingresultsfromouron-goingworkinthisdirection.
Specifically,weexaminedthreeaspectsthroughthecomparisonoftwocountries'SNSusers(56Frenchand58Chinese):theirprivacyconcern,overalltrust,andactualusagebehavior.
Thereasonofselectingthetwocountriesisbecausetheycanrespectivelyrepresentwesternandorientalcultures,sothediscovereddifferences(ifany)couldinsomesensereflectthetwocultures'specialties.
Indeed,accordingtoHofstede'sculturaldimensions[4],westerncountriescommonlyhaveindividualismandlowcontextculture,whereaseasterncountrieshavecollectivismandhighcontextculture.
ThishencesuggeststhatusersfromeasterncountrieswouldbemoreaddictedtouseSNSbecauseitcreatesacollaborativeenvironmentforthemtoenhancethesocialaffiliation.
Ifso,theywouldinherentlyhavelowerprivacyconcernandhighertrust,incomparisontousersfromwesterncountries.
Inthefollowing,wewillpresentexperimentsetupandresultsanalysiswiththeobjectiveofverifyingthishypothesis.
2ExperimentProcedureandInstrumentsThesurveywaslaunchedinDec.
2010intheformofonlinequestionnaire.
ItwasannouncedthroughpublicchannelsinbothChinaandFrancesides.
Inthesurvey,thesubjectwasfirstaskedtofillinher/hisdemographicalinformation(includingage,gender,profession,etc.
).
S/hewasalsoaskedtogiveonespecificSNSthats/hehasusedmostfrequentlyinthepastoneyear.
Then,asetofquestionswasrequiredtorespond,whicharemainlyabouttheirprivacyconcernwhenusinginternetandSNS,overalltrustinSNS,privacysetting,typesofpersonalinfothattheyincludeintheprofile,andwhom(e.
g.
,friends,familymembers,oranyone)theyallowtoaccesstheprofile.
Anothersetofquestionswasrequestingtheiractualuses,likeusageperiod,dailyusagefrequency,amountofcontacts,theinformationtheyhaveoftenposted,andsoon.
Somequestionsweremulti-choicesandsomewere5-pointLikertscale.
TheconcretequestionsarelistedfromTables1to6.
TilltheendofJan.
2011,166personsvolunteeredtofillinthequestionnaire.
Weremoveduserswhogaveincompleteanswers,oneswhoseindicatedsitesarenotSNS,andoneswhousedSNSinfrequently.
Finally,wehave114activeSNSusersfortheanalysis(activeusersmeanthattheyhaveusedSNSforminimalhalfofayearanduseditonaverage1hourperday).
Amongthe58Chineseusers,39.
66%aremalesand60.
34%arefemales.
Theaverageageis22.
9(rangingfrom18to49).
Almosthalfofusersarestudentsintheuniversityandtheothersworkasengineer,researcher,etc.
Asforthe56Frenchusers,theaverageageis27.
43(rangingfrom18to46),with42.
86%malesand57.
14%females.
Theirprofessionsincludestudent,engineer,teacher,andofficer.
Regarding236L.
ChenandH.
K.
Tsoithesitesthatsubjectshaveusedmostfrequentlyinthepastoneyear,allFrenchsubjectsstatedFacebook.
AmongChineseusers,RenRen.
comwasreportedbymostusers(72.
4%),followedbyFacebook(17.
2%),Kaixin001.
com(3.
4%)andotherlocalvariants.
Impliedfrom[5],theseChinesesitescanbefairlycomparabletoFacebook,becausetheysharethestructuralandfunctionalsimilarities.
3Results3.
1PrivacyConcernandTrustTocomparetheanswersfromthetwogroupsofsubjects,weusedthemultivariateanalysisofcovariance(MANCOVA)becauseitcanrevealwhetherthedifferences(ifany)canbeattributedtothenationalityorothers(e.
g.
,gender).
FromTable1,wecanseethatFrenchrespondentsshowedhighergeneralprivacyconcernwhenusingtheInternet(Q1:MFrench=3.
81vsMChinese=3.
48,p=0.
072).
ThequestionabouttheirSNSprofileprivacysettingindicatedthattheyratedsignificantlyhigher(Q2:MFrench=3.
68vsMChinese=2.
90,p<.
001).
Inaddition,theyfeltlesscomfortablewhengivingpersonalinformationonSNS(Q3:MFrench=2.
02vsMChinese=2.
69,p<.
001),lesscontrolinspecifyingandupdatingtheirprofiles(Q4:MFrench=2.
97vsMChinese=3.
77,p<.
001),andlessagreedthattheirprivacyisprotectedbythesite(Q5:MFrench=2.
08vsMChinese=2.
98,p<.
001).
Thesedifferencesareallsignificant.
Regardingusers'overalltrustinSNS,italsoshowedthatthetrustlevelofFrenchusersissignificantlylowerthanthelevelofChinese(Q6:MFrench=2.
22vsMChinese=2.
65,p<.
01).
Inordertoexaminewhethertheculturalcontextssignificantlydifferentiateusers'privacyandtrustdegrees,weusedthesixquestionsaboveasdependentvariables,andTable1.
MANCOVAresultsregardingprivacyconcernandtrust:multivariatetests,adjustedmeansandstandarderrorsWilks'ΛFGender.
882.
49*Nationality.
649.
87***France(N=56)China(N=58)FMSEMSEQ1:HowoftendoyouconcernaboutyourprivacywhileyouusetheInternet3.
81.
143.
48.
133.
29*Q2:HowdoyouratetheprivacysettingofyourprofileinSNS3.
68.
132.
90.
1318.
14***Q3:IfeelcomfortablegivingpersonalinformationonSNS.
2.
02.
132.
69.
1313.
40***Q4:IfeelhavingcontrolinspecifyingandupdatingmyprofileinSNS.
2.
97.
133.
77.
1221.
01***Q5:IfeelthattheprivacyofmypersonalinformationisprotectedbySNS.
2.
08.
122.
98.
1227.
41***Q6:MyoveralltrustinSNSishigh.
2.
22.
112.
65.
118.
32**Note:Allquestionswererespondedona5-pointLikertscale:Q1from"veryseldom"to"veryoften";Q2from"notprivate"to"veryprivate";Q3–Q6from"stronglydisagree"to"stronglyagree".
*Significantatp<.
1;**Significantatp<.
01;***Significantatp<.
001(thesamenotationsusedinthetablesbelow).
PrivacyConcernandTrustinUsingSocialNetworkSites237genderasacovariateinMANCOVAanalysis.
Theresultshowedthatsubjectswithdifferentnationalitiesdiddiffersignificantly(Wilks'Λ=.
64,F=9.
87,p<.
001),withtheeffectofgenderbeingcontrolled(Wilks'Λ=.
88,F=2.
49,p<.
05)(Table1).
Moreover,Table2liststhemultipleregressionresultsthatexposethecausalrelationshipfromprivacyconstructs(Q3toQ5)tooveralltrustinSNS(Q6).
ForFrenchusers,thefeelingthattheirprivacyisprotectedbythesitesignificantlyleadstotheirtrustinthesite(β=.
646,p<.
001),whereasforChinese,thecomfortablenessingivingpersonalinformationisasignificantfactor(β=.
488,p<.
001).
Table2.
MultipleregressionanalysesforpredictingusertrustFranceChinaβtR2FβtR2F"MyoveralltrustinSNSishigh".
5219.
1***.
225.
07**Q3(feelcomfortable).
1571.
46.
4883.
82***Q4(feelhavingcontrol).
014.
14-.
164-1.
28Q5(feelprivacyprotected).
6466.
18***.
018.
15Note:Q3toQ5arereferredtoTable1Atthenextstep,weanalyzedthesortsofpersonalinformationthattheyincludedintheirSNSprofiles(asreportedbythem).
ThisanalysisrevealedseveralsignificantdifferencesbetweenFrenchandChineseusers(seeTable3).
Specifically,Chinesesubjectsdisclosedsignificantlymoreidentifyinginformationsuchasgender,email,phonenumber,andlocation.
Forexample,93.
1%ofChinesesubjectsincludetheirgender(vs.
62.
5%French),79.
3%shareemail(vs.
51.
8%French),77.
6%indicatelocation(vs.
46.
4%),55.
2%giveinstantmessengeraccount(vs.
17.
9%French),44.
8%includebiographyinfo(vs.
10.
7%),and81.
0%includeeducationinfo(vs.
42.
9%).
Ontheotherhand,moreFrenchuserssharesingleormarriedstatusthanChineseusers(55.
4%vs.
36.
2%).
Asforotheritems,suchasrealname,nationality,selfpicture,birthday,theyarepopularlydisclosedbybothusergroups(above70%),andsomeitemslikehomeaddressarerarelyincludedbyboth(below10%)(duetospacelimit,theseresultsarenotlistedinTable3).
Inaddition,Chineseusersaremorefrequentinupdatingtheirprofiles(i.
e.
,"onceorseveraltimesaweek"),comparedtoFrenchsubjectswhohaveupdatedprofilesaveragely"onceorseveraltimesamonth".
Fortheprofile,wealsoaskedthesubjectwhoms/heallowstoaccessit.
Significantdifferencesoccurontheaccessiblerightbyfriends,classmates,strangersandanyone(Table4).
Infact,moreFrenchsubjects(96.
4%)indicatedthattheirprofilescanbeTable3.
PersonalinformationincludedinuserprofileGenderEmailPhonenumberLocationSingleormarriedstatusMessengera/cBiographyEducationFrench(N=56)Mean62.
5%51.
8%5.
4%46.
4%55.
4%17.
9%10.
7%42.
9%Chinese(N=58)Mean93.
1%79.
3%31.
0%77.
6%36.
2%55.
2%44.
8%81.
0%Sig.
.
003**.
001**.
000***.
000***.
041*.
000***.
000***.
000***238L.
ChenandH.
K.
TsoiTable4.
Otherusers'rightofaccessingtheprofileYourprofilecanbeaccessedby.
.
FriendsFriendsofyourfriendsColleaguesFamilymembersClassmatesStrangersAnyoneFrench(N=56)Mean96.
4%10.
7%21.
4%48.
2%19.
6%1.
8%3.
6%Chinese(N=58)Mean86.
2%3.
4%29.
3%36.
2%62.
1%10.
3%13.
8%Sig.
.
05*.
135.
338.
198.
000***.
05*.
05*accessedbyfriends,than86.
2%Chineseusers(p<0.
05).
However,Chineseusersaremoreopentoallowclassmates(62.
1%vs.
19.
6%French),strangers(10.
3%vs.
1.
8%)andevenanyone(13.
8%vs.
3.
6%)tohavetheviewingright.
Theabovefindingshenceindicatethat,whentheusershavelessprivacyconcernandmoretrustinSNS(i.
e.
,Chinesesubjects),theyarelikelytodisclosemoreintheirprofilesandenablemorekindsofotheruserstoaccessthepersonalinfo.
Wewerehencemotivatedtofurtherinvestigatewhetherusers'actualusagesofSNSwerealsosimilarlyinfluenced.
3.
2UsageandNewRelationshipDevelopmentAsindicatedinSection2,weonlyanalyzedanswersfromuserswhohaveusedSNSforatleasthalfofayear,becausetheycanrepresentactiveusersofSNS.
TheactualusagedurationofChinesegroupis2.
69yearsonaverage(rangingfrom1to4years),anditis2.
7inFrenchgroup(alsorangingfrom1to4years).
Theiroverallvisitingfrequencyisaround"onceormorethanonceperday"inbothgroups.
AsforthehoursthattheyusuallyspentonSNSperday,19.
6%ofFrenchand36.
2%ofChinesesubjectsreportedthattheyhaveuseditfor1to2hours,12.
5%ofFrenchand13.
8%ofChinesehavespent2to5hours,3.
6%Frenchhaveuseditforabove5hours,and64.
3%Frenchand50%Chinesehaveuseditforlessthan1hour.
Table5.
MessagesthatusersusuallyposttoSNSWhatdoyouusuallypostNewsHobbiesPersonallifeCurrenteventInterestingobservationThoughts/opinionsForwardothers'postsFrench(N=56)Mean39.
3%21.
4%32.
1%28.
6%30.
4%35.
7%16.
1%Chinese(N=58)Mean24.
1%41.
4%62.
1%25.
9%58.
6%46.
6%58.
6%Sig.
.
084*.
02*.
000***.
748.
002**.
243.
000***Despitetheirsimilarvisitingfrequency,thenumberofcontactsintheir"friends"listwasnotablydifferent.
Frenchusersreportedthattheyhaveonaverage183.
2contacts(SD=202.
0),whereasChinesehave299.
1contacts(SD=342.
4).
Inaddition,themessagestheyhaveusuallypostedtoSNSarealsodifferent(Table5).
Chineseusersaremoreactiveinpostinghobbies(41.
4%against21.
4%Frenchusers),PrivacyConcernandTrustinUsingSocialNetworkSites239personallife(62.
1vs.
32.
1%),interestingobservation(58.
6%vs.
30.
4%),andforwardingothers'posts(58.
6%vs.
16.
1%),whileFrencharemoreactiveinpostingnews(39.
3%vs.
24.
1%Chinese).
Thesedifferencesallreachatsignificantlevels.
Inthissurvey,wealsoaskeduserswhethertheyliketouseSNStomeetnewpeople,andwhethertheyhavecontactednewpeopleafterwardsthroughotherways(e.
g.
,telephone,email,instantmessenger).
Inthisregard,FrenchratedsignificantlylowerforusingSNStomeetnewpeople(MFrench=1.
73vsMChinese=2.
71,F=33.
32,p<.
001).
ItishencenotsurprisingthatmostFrenchsubjectsdidnotcommunicatewithnewpeopleoutsideofthesite(60.
7%against41.
4%Chinese,p<0.
05;seeTable6).
Incomparison,ChineseusersaremoreactiveincontactingnewpeopleoffSNSbytelephoneandinstantmessenger.
Table6.
Otherwaysthatuserscommunicatewithnewpeopleaftertheymether/himinSNSHaveyouevercontactednewpeopleafteryoumether/himthroughtheSNSbythefollowingwaysTelephoneFace-to-facemeetingInstantmessengerEmailDidnotcommunicateoutsideofthesiteFrench(N=56)Mean5.
4%17.
9%14.
29%19.
6%60.
7%Chinese(N=58)Mean15.
5%17.
2%50.
0%31.
0%41.
4%Sig.
.
07*.
931.
000***.
164.
038*Table7.
Multipleregressionanalysesforpredictingvisitingfrequency,amountofcontactsandwillingnesstomeetnewpeopleinSNSFranceChinaβtR2FβtR2FVisitingfrequency.
2594.
447**.
0891.
297Q3(feelcomfortable).
1781.
291.
020.
130Q4(feelhavingcontrol).
2622.
009*.
2852.
004*Q5(feelprivacyprotected)-.
219-1.
263.
024.
176Q6(overalltrust).
3922.
242*.
002.
011Amountofcontacts.
1121.
615.
013.
175Q3(feelcomfortable).
2141.
420-.
057-.
351Q4(feelhavingcontrol).
142.
993.
054.
366Q5(feelprivacyprotected).
006.
029.
044.
309Q6(overalltrust).
074.
387.
107.
693"IliketouseSNStomeetnewpeople".
2153.
493*.
2083.
489*Q3(feelcomfortable).
2311.
629.
2151.
470Q4(feelhavingcontrol).
042.
311-.
136-1.
029Q5(feelprivacyprotected)-.
151-.
849.
3172.
480*Q6(overalltrust).
4042.
244*.
134.
968Note:Q3toQ6arereferredtoTable1AsshowninSection3.
1,variousprivacyfactorswereindicatedtobedrivingforcesforinfluencingFrenchandChineseusers'trustinSNS.
Basedonit,wewereinterestedinfurtherelaboratingtherelationshipsbetweenprivacy/trustandusers'actualusagebehavior.
Forthispurpose,users'overallvisitingfrequency,amountof240L.
ChenandH.
K.
Tsoicontactsintheir"friends"list,andwillingnesstomeetnewpeopleweretakenasdependentvariables,tobepredictedbyprivacyconcernandtrust(seeTable7).
Inpredictingthevisitingfrequency,controlinspecifying&updatingprofilestakessignificantlypositiveeffectinbothgroups(β=.
262,p=0.
05inFrenchandβ=.
285,p=0.
05inChinese).
Moreover,increasedoveralltrustcanalsoresultinmorevisitsamongFrenchsubjects(β=.
392,p<.
05),whichhoweverisnotsignificantlyvalidforChinese.
Regardingtheamountofcontacts,thereisnosignificantpredictorfoundinbothgroups.
ForthewillingnesstomeetnewpeopleinSNS,theoveralltrustwasshowntobeasignificantpredictoramongFrench(β=.
404,p<0.
05),whereasforChinesethefeelingthattheirprivacyisprotectedbySNSisthesignificantpredictor(β=.
317,p<0.
05).
4DiscussionandConclusionsThus,throughthisusersurvey,itisinterestingtofindthatFrenchandChineseSNSusersdidpossesssignificantlydifferentprivacybeliefandtrust.
Specifically,FrenchusersaremoreconcernedabouttheirprivacywhileusingtheInternet.
IthenceseemsbeinganaturalconsequencethattheirprivacysettinginSNSishigher,theyfeltlesscomfortableingivingpersonalinfo,andtheyperceivedthesitelesstrustworthytoprotecttheirprivacy.
TheiroveralltrustinSNSisalsosignificantlylowerrelativetoChineseusers'.
Suchdifferenceswerefurtherreflectedintheirprofiledisclosureandsharing.
Chinesesubjectsdisclosedmorekindsofpersonalinfointheirprofiles,suchasgender,phonenumber,location,biography,education,etc.
,andalloweddifferenttypesofusers(e.
g.
,includingstrangers)toaccesstheprofile.
Onthecontrary,Frenchusersseemconservativeindisclosingthemselves,andtheymainlyallowfriendsandfamilymemberstoviewtheirprofiles.
Wefurthermeasuredusers'actualusagepatterns.
Itshowedthatalthoughbothgroupsexhibitsimilarusageperiodandfrequency,thewaystheypostmessagesanddevelopnewrelationshipsaresignificantlydifferent.
Firstofall,Chineseusershavemorecontactsintheir"friends"list.
Secondly,theyaremoreactiveinpostingtheirhobbies,personallife,interestingobservations,andforwardingothers'posts,whileFrenchusersaremoreactiveinpostingnews.
Thirdly,ChineseusersaremorewillingtomeetnewpeoplethroughSNSandreportedthattheyhavecontactednewpeoplethroughothercommunicationwaysliketelephoneandinstantmessenger.
Incomparison,FrenchusersstillbehaveconservativeandmostofthemindicatedthattheydidnotcommunicatewithnewpeopleoutsideofSNS.
Themultivariateanalysisofcovariance(MANCOVA)furtherverifiesthatthesephenomenacanbeattributedtothenationalitydifference.
Inaddition,viathemultipleregressionanalysis,weclarifiedthecausalrelationamongthesethreefactors:privacyconcern,trustandusers'actualuses.
TheanalysisbetweenprivacyconcernandtrustfirstshowedthatforFrenchusers,theextentthattheyfeelthesitecanprotecttheirprivacyissignificantlycorrelatedtowhethertheytrustit,whereasforChineseusers,thesignificantlyleadingfactoriswhethertheyfeelcomfortableinprovidingpersonalinfo.
Furthermore,someprivacyfactorsandtrustarefoundtosignificantlyaffectusers'usagebehavior.
Forinstance,increasedcontrolinspecifyingandupdatingprofilescanpromptbothgroupsofuserstovisitSNSmoreoften.
Moreover,forPrivacyConcernandTrustinUsingSocialNetworkSites241Frenchusers,increasedtrustalsoresultsinmorevisitsandhigherlikelihoodtomeetnewpeople.
ForChinese,theperceptionwithSNS'sabilityinprotectingtheirprivacywilllikelyresultintheirwillingnesstodevelopnewrelationships.
Thus,thoughthesubjects'scaleislimitedinthissurvey,itrevealedsignificantdifferencesbetweenChineseandFrenchSNSusersfromvariousaspects.
Webelievethatthereasonbehindcanbeconnectedtohowanindividualinternalizesthenorms,rulesandvaluesinasociety,whichisinturnshapedbyher/hisculturalbackground.
French,inatypicalWesternculture[4],arecharacterizedbyhigheruncertaintyavoidance,self-reliance,andemotionaldistancefromin-groups.
Itmightexplainwhytheycaremoreabouttheirownprivacyandattempttokeepdistancefromothers(especiallyfromnewpeople).
Onthecontrary,Chinese,asshapedbycollectivisticculturewhichemphasizesfamilyintegrity,in-groupmembershipandinterdependenceamongpeople,shouldbeinnaturemorewillingtoestablishclosesocialconnectionswithothersandhencebelikelytodisclosemostaboutthemselves.
Ontheotherhand,thecountry'sprivacyregulationmayalsoinfluenceusers'privacyconcern.
Thatis,usersfromcountrieswithomnibusprivacyregulatorystructure(e.
g.
,France)wouldhavehigherlevelsofprivacyconcerns,thanusersfromcountrieswithsectoralornoprivacyregulation(e.
g.
,China)[9].
Inthefuture,wewillconductmoreexperimentstoverifytheseexplanations,andderivedesignguidelinesforSNSsothatitcouldbetterfulfilltheexpectationsoftheiruserswithdifferentculturalnorms.
Acknowledgement.
WethankDr.
SylvainCastagnosandProf.
AnneBoyerfromLORIA-NancyUniversity,France,fortheirhelpofrecruitingFrenchsubjects.
Wearegratefultoallsurveyparticipantsfortheirtime.
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