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TheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehaviorNATOASISeriesAdvancedScienceInstitutesSeriesASeriespresentingtheresultsofactivitiessponsoredbytheNATOScienceCommittee,whichaimsatthedisseminationofadvancedscientificandtechnologicalknowledge,withaviewtostrengtheninglinksbetweenscientificcommunities.
TheSeriesispublishedbyaninternationalboardofpublishersinconjunctionwiththeNATOScientificAffairsDivisionALifeSciencesBPhysicsCMathematicalandPhysicalSciencesDBehaviouralandSocialSciencesEAppliedSciencesFComputerandSystemsSciencesGEcologicalSciencesHCellBiologyIGlobalEnvironmentalChangePlenumPublishingCorporationLondonandNewYorkKluwerAcademicPublishersDordrecht,BostonandLondonSpringer-VerlagBerlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,London,ParisandTokyoNATO-PCO-DATABASETheelectronicindextotheNATOASISeriesprovidesfullbibliographicalreferences(withkeywordsand/orabstracts)tomorethan30000contributionsfrominternationalscientistspublishedinallsectionsoftheNATOASISeries.
AccesstotheNATO-PCO-DATABASEispossibleintwoways:-viaonlineFILE128(NATO-PCO-DATABASE)hostedbyESRIN,ViaGalileoGalilei,I-00044Frascati,Italy.
-viaCD-ROM"NATO-PCO-DATABASE"withuser-friendlyretrievalsoftwareinEnglish,FrenchandGerman(WTVGmbHandDATAWARETechnologiesInc.
1989).
TheCD-ROMcanbeorderedthroughanymemberoftheBoardofPublishersorthroughNATO-PCO,Overijse,Belgium.
SeriesD:BehaviouralandSocialSciences-Vol.
73TheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehavioreditedbyMarcHaugUniversityLouisPasteur,LaboratoryofPsychophysiology,URA-CNRS1295,Strasbourg,FranceRichardE.
WhalenDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,California,U.
S.
A.
ClaudeAronUniversityLouisPasteur,InstituteofHistology,FacultyofMedicine,Strasbourg,FranceandKathieLOlsenNeuroendocrinologyProgram,NationalScienceFoundation,Washington,D.
C.
,U.
S.
A.
SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,B.
V.
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshoponTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehaviorChateaudeBonas,Gers,FranceJuly14-18,1992LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAC.
I.
P.
CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-94-010-4749-4ISBN978-94-011-1709-8(eBook)DOI10.
1007/978-94-011-1709-8Printedonacid-freepaperAllRightsReserved1993SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrechtOriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishersin1993Nopartofthematerialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphoto-copying,recordingorbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.
ContentsPrefaceIXM.
HaugListofContributorsXIIIInheritedandEnvironmentalDeterminantsofBisexualityIntheMaleRat1C.
Aron,D.
Chateau,A.
ChabliandC.
SchaefferASexuallyDimorphicMotorNucleus:SteroidSensitiveAfferents,SexDifferencesandHormonalRegulation19L.
G.
Clemens,C.
KWagnerandA.
E.
AckermanNeonatalProgrammingofAdultPartnerPreferenceInMaleRats33T.
Brand,E.
J.
HoutsmullerandA.
KSlobNeuralBasesofBehavioralSexDifferencesinQuail51J.
BalthazartandA.
FoidartAnimalSexualDifferentiation:theEarlyDaysandCurrentQuestions77R.
E.
WhalenConsequencesofGenderDifferencesinMathematicalReasoningAbilityandsomeBiologicalLinkages87C.
P.
BenbowandD.
LubinskiHowandWhySexDifferencesEvolve,withSpatialAbilityasaParadigmExample111S.
J.
C.
GaulinHormonalandNeuralCorrelatesofSex-TypedBehavioralDevelopmentinHumanBeings131M.
HinesAreSexorGenderRelevantCategoriestoLanguagePerformanceACriticalReview151M.
KailvviOrganizationalEffectsofGonadalHormonesInduceQualitativeDifferencesInVlsuospatialNavigation175c.
L.
WilliamsandW.
H.
MeckIntraspecificAggressionInMice(MusDomesticus)MaleandFemaleStrategies191P.
Palanza,P.
F.
BrainandS.
ParmigianiAComparisonofDrugResponsesbyMaleandFemaleRatsDuringAggressionTests205J.
MosandB.
OlivierSexDifferencesinPrimateSocialBehavior227E.
B.
KeverneWhat,How,andWhyofGenderDifferencesfromanEvolutionaryPerspective241L.
PetrinovichSexandtheMutantMouse:StrategiesforUnderstandingtheSexualDifferentiationoftheBrain255K.
L.
OlsenSexuallsatlonofBehaviorDuringDevelopmentinthePig279J.
P.
SignoretSomeGeneticConsiderationsintheDevelopmentofSexualOrientation291M.
DiamondMorphologicalCorrelatesofNeuronalPlasticitytoGonadalSteroids:SexualDifferentiationofthePreopticArea311Y.
Arai,M.
Nishizuka,S.
Murakami,M.
Miyakawa,M.
Machida,H.
TakeuchiandH.
SumidaMating-InducedExpressionofImmediate-EarlyGenesIntheMaleandFemaleNervousSystem325M.
J.
BaumTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBrainAnatomy,PhysiologyandBehaviorIsUnderComplexHormonalControl341K.
D.
Dohler,C.
GanzemOllerandC.
VeitSexualDimorphismIntheAccessoryOlfactorySystem363A.
GuillamonandS.
SegoviaviiSexDifferencesIntheRatCerebralCortex377J.
M.
JuraskaSexualDimorphismsinRegulatorySystemsforAggression389N.
G.
Simon,S.
F.
Lu,S.
E.
McKenna,X.
ChenandA.
C.
CliffordSexuallyDimorphicHypothalamicCellGroupsandaRelatedPathwaythatareEssentialforMasculineCopulatoryBehavior409P.
YahrSexDifferencesinHumanSocialBehaviorMeta-AnalyticStudiesofSocialPsychologicalResearch421A.
H.
EaglyThePsychobiologyofSexualOrientation437B.
A.
GladueAlternativeConceptionsofSex(andSexDifferences)457R.
H.
UngerDimensionsofHumanSexualIdentity:Transsexuals,Homosexuals,Fetishists,Cross-GenderedChildrenandAnimalModels477R.
GreenIndex487ListofParticipants491NATOADVANCEDRESEARCHWORKSHOPLEDEVElQPPfMENTDfSDIFFERE,jCESSEXUELLESDANSLCOMPM.
HAUG,PRoF.
R.
WHAu:,PRoF.
CLARoN,DR.
K.
LOlsENPrefaceM.
HAUGUniversiteLouisPasteur,LaboratoiredePsychophysi%gie,URA1295,7,ruede/'Universite,67000Strasbourg,FranceThisvariedandimpressivevolumeisarecordofthemajorpresentationsattheNATOsponsoredAdvancedResearchWorkshoponTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehaviourheldattheChateaudeBonas,Gers,FranceJuly14-18,1992.
Itisfittingthatameetingevaluatingmasculineandfeminine'characteristics'waslocatedintheGasconyregionimmortalisedinAlexandreDumasepic,machotaleofTheThreeMusketeers.
ItisevenmoresatisfyingthatMarcHAUGtheFrenchDirector(aD'Artagnanequivalent)wasablyassistedbyaUS/FrenchConsortiumofthreeco-Directors(Drs.
RichardE.
WHALEN,ClaudeARONandKathieL.
OLSEN).
TheARWalsoprovidedopportunitiestoexploretheregionaroundtheChateau,toappreciatethecomplexhistoryoftheareaandtosamplearmagnacandotherlocalgastronomiccreations.
Alivelyandvariedculturalprogramme(classicstojazz)wasalsoprovidedtomaintaintheinterestsandenthusiasmsoftheparticipants.
Althoughaspectsofsexdifferencesinhumanandanimalbehaviourhavebeenrecentlyextensivelyexploredbothacademically(e.
g.
HaugetaI.
,1991a;1991b;BjorkquistandNiemela,1992;BrainandHaug,1992)andinpopularisedaccounts(e.
g.
Diamond,1992),itwasfeltthatbringingscientistsofdiversescholarlybackgroundstogethertoexplorequestionsofsexorgenderdifferencesinbehaviorwasamosttimelyactivity.
Thecomplexinterplaybetweenthevariousbiological(e.
g.
genes,neuralcircuits,neurotransmitters,andhormones),political,psychologicalandsociologicalfactorsthataccountforsexdifferenceshasalwaysbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,asourceofinfinitefascinationandconfusiontohumansfromalllevelsofeducationandtrainingandinallpartsoftheglobe.
Theorganizersbroughttogetherapowerfulmixtureofeminentscientistsfrommostofthepertinentbiologicalandsocialscienceareas.
Therewasalsoanexcellentmixofnationalitieswhichledtosometemperingofethocentrictendencies.
Theintention(ablyachieved)wastogenerateacreativeinterfacingbetweenverydifferentwaysoflookingatthegenesisofsexdifferencesinbehaviorinhumansandotheranimals.
Itwasalsohopedthatthevariousdisciplineswouldgainnewinsightsandincreasetheirappreciationoftheir'opponents'concernsandfears.
Thisisespeciallynecessarywhenjournalisticimperativescreatehighlysimplified(andoftenmisleading)accountsoftheneuraloriginsofhomosexuality,thegenerationofbehavioraldifferencesinmaleandfemalechildrenandtheoriginsofthedifferingrelativemathematicalixxskillsofboysandgirls.
Immediacyandjournalisticimpactisarealproblemwhendiscussingcomplexphenomenawhichoftenrequiredecadesofdetailed,wide-rangingandpainstakingresearch.
TheARWexploredmanyoftheissuessurroundinggenderdifferencesinbehavior.
Forexample,thebiologically-orientatedscientistsre-evaluatedtheconceptsconcerninghowhormonesactduringdevelopmenttochangethevectors(neuralandsomatic)ofmaleandfemale'1ypicalbehavior".
Thiswasbalancedbysocialscientistsrevealingcurrentideasonhowsocietalfactorsexertinfluencesonhumanbehavior.
Acomparablediscussionwaslargelyledbythesocialscientistsonthefactorsinfluencinghumansexualidentity.
Inthiscase,therewasrelevantinputfromthebiologists.
WhatwasexcitingwasthatthefocichangedduringtheConference.
Forexample,participantslearnedthataggressionratherthanbeinga"male-typical"behavior,isverysituation-specific.
Bothbiologicalandsocialscientistscontributedtothischangedviewpoint.
IssuessuchastherecentLeYayfindingthatthethirdinterstitialnucleusofthehypothalamusissmaller(andmore"female-like")inmalehomosexualsthaninheterosexualmaleswereraised.
Thestatusofsuchreportsanditsrelevancetogenderdifferencesinbehavioringeneralwereexploredatlenght.
Certainly,anencouraginglydifferentviewofsexually"dimorphic"behaviorsseemstobeemergingwithmoreemphasisontheflexibilityofsystemsandlesssupportbeingprovidedforsimpledeterministicviewpoints(thisappliedjustasmuchtobiologistsasthesocialscientists).
Furtherprogressinunderstandingsuchphenomenaclearlydependsonenlightenedandinnovativecross-disciplinaryapproaches.
TheorganizationandrunningofthisoutstandinglysuccessfulworkshopweregreatlyfacilitatedbyCedricandDanielleHaug,MicheleMauriac,BernadetteMalichatandAntoineDepaulis.
TheorganizersalsoreceivedvaluedfinancialsupportfortheARWfrom:-TheNATOScientificAffairsDivisionTheNationalScienceFoundationL'lnstitutNationaldelaSanteetdelaRechercheMedicale(INSERM)KabiPharmaciaSymbioseUniversityofCalifornia,RiversideL'UniversiteLouisPasteurdeStrasbourgLeConseilRegionalAlsaceThebookitselfalsobenefitedfromDr.
P.
F.
Braincompetentassistancewithbookediting,MarieClaireHantch'sexcellentsecretarialhelp,andFabricePerchepainstakinghelpinmakingthechaptersintoauniformformat.
ReferencesBJorkqvist,K.
andNiemela,P.
(1992).
OfMiceandWomen:AspectsofFemaleAggression,AcademicPress,SanDiego.
Brain,P.
F.
andHaug,M.
(1992).
Hormonalandneurochemicalcorrelatesofvariousformsofanimalaggression.
Psychoneuroendocrinology,17:1-16.
xiDiamond,M.
(1992).
SexWatching:LookingIntotheWorldofSexualBehaviour,Prion,London.
Haug,M.
,Brain,P.
F.
andAron,C.
(1991a).
HeterotypicalBehaviourinManandAnimals,ChapmanandHall,London.
Haug,M.
,Benton,D.
,Brain,P.
F.
,Olivier,B.
andMos,J.
(1991b).
TheAggressiveFemale,CIP-GegevensKoninklijkeBibliotheek,DenHaag.
ContributorsA.
E.
AckermanDepartmentofZoologyandNeuroscienceProgram,MichiganStateUniversity,NaturalScienceBuilding,EastLansing,MI48824,USAY.
AraiDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANC.
AronInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCEJ.
BalthazartUniversitedeLiege,LaboratoiredeBiochimieGeneraleetComparee,17,PlaceDelcour(bat.
L1),B-4020Liege,BELGIQUEM.
J.
BaumDepartmentofBiology,BostonUniversity,2,CummingtonStreet,Boston,MA02215,USAC.
P.
BenbowDepartmentofPsychology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011-3180,USAP.
F.
BrainSchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityCollegeofSwansea,Swansea,SA28PP,Wales,UKT.
BrandDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSL.
G.
ClemensDepartmentofZoologyandNeuroscienceProgram,MichiganStateUniversity,NaturalScienceBuilding,EastLansing,MI48824,USAA.
ChabliInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCED.
ChateauInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCEx.
ChenCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAxivA.
C.
CliffordCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAM.
DiamondDepartmentofAnatomy,UniversityofHawaii,SchoolofMedicine,1960East-WestRoad,Honolulu,HI96822,USAK.
D.
DOhlerPharmaBissendorfPeptideGmbH,Karl-WiechertAllee3,3000Hannover61,GERMANYA.
H.
EaglyDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,USAA.
FoidartUniversitedeLiege,LaboratoiredeBiochimieGeneraleetComparee,17,PlaceDelcour(bat.
L1),B-4020Liege,BELGIQUEC.
GanzemOlierDepartmentofClinicalEndocrinology,UniversitySchoolofMedicine,3000Hannover61,GERMANYS.
J.
C.
GaulinDepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15260,USAB.
A.
GladueDepartmentofPsychology,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,NO58105,USAR.
GreenDepartmentofPsychiatryandBiobehavioralSciences,UCLASchoolofMedicine,760WestwoodPlaza,LosAngeles,CA90024-1759,USAA.
GuillamonUniversidadNacionaldeEducationaDistancia,DepartamentodePsicobiologia,P.
O.
Box,Apartadon°50.
487,Madrid,SPAINM.
HaugUniversiteLouisPasteur,LaboratoiredePsychophysiologie,URA1295,7,ruedel'Universite,67000Strasbourg,FRANCEM.
HinesDepartmentofPsychiatryandBiobehavioralSciences,UCLASchoolofMedicine,760WestwoodPlaza,LosAngeles,CA90024-1759,USAE.
J.
HoutsmullerDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSJ.
JuraskaDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofIllinois,603E.
DanielStreet,Champaign,IL61820,USAM.
KailUniversiteReneDescartes(ParisV),LaboratoiredePsychologieExperimentale,URA316,23,rueSerpente,75006Paris,FRANCExvE.
B.
KeverneUniversityofCambridge,Sub-DepartmentofAnimalBehaviour,Madingley,CambridgeCB38AA,UKS.
F.
LuCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAD.
LubinskiDepartmentofPsychology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011-3180,USAM.
MachidaDepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANs.
E.
McKennaCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAW.
H.
MeckDepartmentofPsychology,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY10027,USAM.
MiyakawaDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANJ.
MosDupharB.
V.
,DepartmentofPharmacology,P.
O.
Box900,1380DAWeesp,THENETHERLANDSS.
MurakamiDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANM.
NishizukaDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANB.
OlivierDepartmentofPsycho-Pharmacology,FacultyofPharmacy,StateUniversityofUtrecht,THENETHERLANDSK.
L.
OlsenNeuroendocrinologyProgram,NationalScienceFoundation,Rm321,1800G.
Street,Washington,DC20550,USAP.
PalanzaUniversitaDegliStudidiParma,DipartimentodiBiologiaeFisiologiaGenerali,SezioneZoologia,VialedelleScienze,43100Parma,ITALYs.
ParmigianiUniversitaDegliStudidiParma,DipartimentodiBiologiaeFisiologiaGenerali,SezioneZoologia,VialedelleScienze,43100Parma,ITALYL.
F.
PetrinovichDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA92521,USAxviC.
SchaefferInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCES.
SegoviaUniversidadNacionaldeEducationaDistancia,DepartamentodePsicobiologia,P.
O.
Box,Apartadon°50.
487,Madrid,SPAINJ.
P.
SignoretINRA,StationdePhysiologiedelaReproduction,URA1291,CentredeRecherchesdeTours,37380Nouzilly,FRANCEN.
G.
SimonCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAA.
K.
SlobDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSH.
SumidaResearchLaboratories,NipponKayakuCo.
Ltd,Takasaki-City,Gumma270-12,JAPANH.
TakeuchiDepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANR.
UngerDepartmentofPsychology,MontclairStateUniversity,124RussHall,UpperMontclair,NJ07043,USAC.
VeilDepartmentofClinicalEndocrinology,UniversitySchoolofMedicine,3000Hannover61,GERMANYC.
WagnerInstituteofAnimalBehavior,RutgersUniversity,101WarrenStreet,Newark,NJ07102,USAR.
E.
WhalenDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA92521,USAC.
L.
WilliamsDepartmentofPsychology,BarnardCollegeofColumbiaUniversity,3009Broadway,NewYork,NY10027,USAP.
YahrDepartmentofPsychobiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA92717,USA
TheSeriesispublishedbyaninternationalboardofpublishersinconjunctionwiththeNATOScientificAffairsDivisionALifeSciencesBPhysicsCMathematicalandPhysicalSciencesDBehaviouralandSocialSciencesEAppliedSciencesFComputerandSystemsSciencesGEcologicalSciencesHCellBiologyIGlobalEnvironmentalChangePlenumPublishingCorporationLondonandNewYorkKluwerAcademicPublishersDordrecht,BostonandLondonSpringer-VerlagBerlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,London,ParisandTokyoNATO-PCO-DATABASETheelectronicindextotheNATOASISeriesprovidesfullbibliographicalreferences(withkeywordsand/orabstracts)tomorethan30000contributionsfrominternationalscientistspublishedinallsectionsoftheNATOASISeries.
AccesstotheNATO-PCO-DATABASEispossibleintwoways:-viaonlineFILE128(NATO-PCO-DATABASE)hostedbyESRIN,ViaGalileoGalilei,I-00044Frascati,Italy.
-viaCD-ROM"NATO-PCO-DATABASE"withuser-friendlyretrievalsoftwareinEnglish,FrenchandGerman(WTVGmbHandDATAWARETechnologiesInc.
1989).
TheCD-ROMcanbeorderedthroughanymemberoftheBoardofPublishersorthroughNATO-PCO,Overijse,Belgium.
SeriesD:BehaviouralandSocialSciences-Vol.
73TheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehavioreditedbyMarcHaugUniversityLouisPasteur,LaboratoryofPsychophysiology,URA-CNRS1295,Strasbourg,FranceRichardE.
WhalenDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,California,U.
S.
A.
ClaudeAronUniversityLouisPasteur,InstituteofHistology,FacultyofMedicine,Strasbourg,FranceandKathieLOlsenNeuroendocrinologyProgram,NationalScienceFoundation,Washington,D.
C.
,U.
S.
A.
SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,B.
V.
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedResearchWorkshoponTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehaviorChateaudeBonas,Gers,FranceJuly14-18,1992LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAC.
I.
P.
CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN978-94-010-4749-4ISBN978-94-011-1709-8(eBook)DOI10.
1007/978-94-011-1709-8Printedonacid-freepaperAllRightsReserved1993SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrechtOriginallypublishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishersin1993Nopartofthematerialprotectedbythiscopyrightnoticemaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphoto-copying,recordingorbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.
ContentsPrefaceIXM.
HaugListofContributorsXIIIInheritedandEnvironmentalDeterminantsofBisexualityIntheMaleRat1C.
Aron,D.
Chateau,A.
ChabliandC.
SchaefferASexuallyDimorphicMotorNucleus:SteroidSensitiveAfferents,SexDifferencesandHormonalRegulation19L.
G.
Clemens,C.
KWagnerandA.
E.
AckermanNeonatalProgrammingofAdultPartnerPreferenceInMaleRats33T.
Brand,E.
J.
HoutsmullerandA.
KSlobNeuralBasesofBehavioralSexDifferencesinQuail51J.
BalthazartandA.
FoidartAnimalSexualDifferentiation:theEarlyDaysandCurrentQuestions77R.
E.
WhalenConsequencesofGenderDifferencesinMathematicalReasoningAbilityandsomeBiologicalLinkages87C.
P.
BenbowandD.
LubinskiHowandWhySexDifferencesEvolve,withSpatialAbilityasaParadigmExample111S.
J.
C.
GaulinHormonalandNeuralCorrelatesofSex-TypedBehavioralDevelopmentinHumanBeings131M.
HinesAreSexorGenderRelevantCategoriestoLanguagePerformanceACriticalReview151M.
KailvviOrganizationalEffectsofGonadalHormonesInduceQualitativeDifferencesInVlsuospatialNavigation175c.
L.
WilliamsandW.
H.
MeckIntraspecificAggressionInMice(MusDomesticus)MaleandFemaleStrategies191P.
Palanza,P.
F.
BrainandS.
ParmigianiAComparisonofDrugResponsesbyMaleandFemaleRatsDuringAggressionTests205J.
MosandB.
OlivierSexDifferencesinPrimateSocialBehavior227E.
B.
KeverneWhat,How,andWhyofGenderDifferencesfromanEvolutionaryPerspective241L.
PetrinovichSexandtheMutantMouse:StrategiesforUnderstandingtheSexualDifferentiationoftheBrain255K.
L.
OlsenSexuallsatlonofBehaviorDuringDevelopmentinthePig279J.
P.
SignoretSomeGeneticConsiderationsintheDevelopmentofSexualOrientation291M.
DiamondMorphologicalCorrelatesofNeuronalPlasticitytoGonadalSteroids:SexualDifferentiationofthePreopticArea311Y.
Arai,M.
Nishizuka,S.
Murakami,M.
Miyakawa,M.
Machida,H.
TakeuchiandH.
SumidaMating-InducedExpressionofImmediate-EarlyGenesIntheMaleandFemaleNervousSystem325M.
J.
BaumTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBrainAnatomy,PhysiologyandBehaviorIsUnderComplexHormonalControl341K.
D.
Dohler,C.
GanzemOllerandC.
VeitSexualDimorphismIntheAccessoryOlfactorySystem363A.
GuillamonandS.
SegoviaviiSexDifferencesIntheRatCerebralCortex377J.
M.
JuraskaSexualDimorphismsinRegulatorySystemsforAggression389N.
G.
Simon,S.
F.
Lu,S.
E.
McKenna,X.
ChenandA.
C.
CliffordSexuallyDimorphicHypothalamicCellGroupsandaRelatedPathwaythatareEssentialforMasculineCopulatoryBehavior409P.
YahrSexDifferencesinHumanSocialBehaviorMeta-AnalyticStudiesofSocialPsychologicalResearch421A.
H.
EaglyThePsychobiologyofSexualOrientation437B.
A.
GladueAlternativeConceptionsofSex(andSexDifferences)457R.
H.
UngerDimensionsofHumanSexualIdentity:Transsexuals,Homosexuals,Fetishists,Cross-GenderedChildrenandAnimalModels477R.
GreenIndex487ListofParticipants491NATOADVANCEDRESEARCHWORKSHOPLEDEVElQPPfMENTDfSDIFFERE,jCESSEXUELLESDANSLCOMP
HAUG,PRoF.
R.
WHAu:,PRoF.
CLARoN,DR.
K.
LOlsENPrefaceM.
HAUGUniversiteLouisPasteur,LaboratoiredePsychophysi%gie,URA1295,7,ruede/'Universite,67000Strasbourg,FranceThisvariedandimpressivevolumeisarecordofthemajorpresentationsattheNATOsponsoredAdvancedResearchWorkshoponTheDevelopmentofSexDifferencesandSimilaritiesinBehaviourheldattheChateaudeBonas,Gers,FranceJuly14-18,1992.
Itisfittingthatameetingevaluatingmasculineandfeminine'characteristics'waslocatedintheGasconyregionimmortalisedinAlexandreDumasepic,machotaleofTheThreeMusketeers.
ItisevenmoresatisfyingthatMarcHAUGtheFrenchDirector(aD'Artagnanequivalent)wasablyassistedbyaUS/FrenchConsortiumofthreeco-Directors(Drs.
RichardE.
WHALEN,ClaudeARONandKathieL.
OLSEN).
TheARWalsoprovidedopportunitiestoexploretheregionaroundtheChateau,toappreciatethecomplexhistoryoftheareaandtosamplearmagnacandotherlocalgastronomiccreations.
Alivelyandvariedculturalprogramme(classicstojazz)wasalsoprovidedtomaintaintheinterestsandenthusiasmsoftheparticipants.
Althoughaspectsofsexdifferencesinhumanandanimalbehaviourhavebeenrecentlyextensivelyexploredbothacademically(e.
g.
HaugetaI.
,1991a;1991b;BjorkquistandNiemela,1992;BrainandHaug,1992)andinpopularisedaccounts(e.
g.
Diamond,1992),itwasfeltthatbringingscientistsofdiversescholarlybackgroundstogethertoexplorequestionsofsexorgenderdifferencesinbehaviorwasamosttimelyactivity.
Thecomplexinterplaybetweenthevariousbiological(e.
g.
genes,neuralcircuits,neurotransmitters,andhormones),political,psychologicalandsociologicalfactorsthataccountforsexdifferenceshasalwaysbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,asourceofinfinitefascinationandconfusiontohumansfromalllevelsofeducationandtrainingandinallpartsoftheglobe.
Theorganizersbroughttogetherapowerfulmixtureofeminentscientistsfrommostofthepertinentbiologicalandsocialscienceareas.
Therewasalsoanexcellentmixofnationalitieswhichledtosometemperingofethocentrictendencies.
Theintention(ablyachieved)wastogenerateacreativeinterfacingbetweenverydifferentwaysoflookingatthegenesisofsexdifferencesinbehaviorinhumansandotheranimals.
Itwasalsohopedthatthevariousdisciplineswouldgainnewinsightsandincreasetheirappreciationoftheir'opponents'concernsandfears.
Thisisespeciallynecessarywhenjournalisticimperativescreatehighlysimplified(andoftenmisleading)accountsoftheneuraloriginsofhomosexuality,thegenerationofbehavioraldifferencesinmaleandfemalechildrenandtheoriginsofthedifferingrelativemathematicalixxskillsofboysandgirls.
Immediacyandjournalisticimpactisarealproblemwhendiscussingcomplexphenomenawhichoftenrequiredecadesofdetailed,wide-rangingandpainstakingresearch.
TheARWexploredmanyoftheissuessurroundinggenderdifferencesinbehavior.
Forexample,thebiologically-orientatedscientistsre-evaluatedtheconceptsconcerninghowhormonesactduringdevelopmenttochangethevectors(neuralandsomatic)ofmaleandfemale'1ypicalbehavior".
Thiswasbalancedbysocialscientistsrevealingcurrentideasonhowsocietalfactorsexertinfluencesonhumanbehavior.
Acomparablediscussionwaslargelyledbythesocialscientistsonthefactorsinfluencinghumansexualidentity.
Inthiscase,therewasrelevantinputfromthebiologists.
WhatwasexcitingwasthatthefocichangedduringtheConference.
Forexample,participantslearnedthataggressionratherthanbeinga"male-typical"behavior,isverysituation-specific.
Bothbiologicalandsocialscientistscontributedtothischangedviewpoint.
IssuessuchastherecentLeYayfindingthatthethirdinterstitialnucleusofthehypothalamusissmaller(andmore"female-like")inmalehomosexualsthaninheterosexualmaleswereraised.
Thestatusofsuchreportsanditsrelevancetogenderdifferencesinbehavioringeneralwereexploredatlenght.
Certainly,anencouraginglydifferentviewofsexually"dimorphic"behaviorsseemstobeemergingwithmoreemphasisontheflexibilityofsystemsandlesssupportbeingprovidedforsimpledeterministicviewpoints(thisappliedjustasmuchtobiologistsasthesocialscientists).
Furtherprogressinunderstandingsuchphenomenaclearlydependsonenlightenedandinnovativecross-disciplinaryapproaches.
TheorganizationandrunningofthisoutstandinglysuccessfulworkshopweregreatlyfacilitatedbyCedricandDanielleHaug,MicheleMauriac,BernadetteMalichatandAntoineDepaulis.
TheorganizersalsoreceivedvaluedfinancialsupportfortheARWfrom:-TheNATOScientificAffairsDivisionTheNationalScienceFoundationL'lnstitutNationaldelaSanteetdelaRechercheMedicale(INSERM)KabiPharmaciaSymbioseUniversityofCalifornia,RiversideL'UniversiteLouisPasteurdeStrasbourgLeConseilRegionalAlsaceThebookitselfalsobenefitedfromDr.
P.
F.
Braincompetentassistancewithbookediting,MarieClaireHantch'sexcellentsecretarialhelp,andFabricePerchepainstakinghelpinmakingthechaptersintoauniformformat.
ReferencesBJorkqvist,K.
andNiemela,P.
(1992).
OfMiceandWomen:AspectsofFemaleAggression,AcademicPress,SanDiego.
Brain,P.
F.
andHaug,M.
(1992).
Hormonalandneurochemicalcorrelatesofvariousformsofanimalaggression.
Psychoneuroendocrinology,17:1-16.
xiDiamond,M.
(1992).
SexWatching:LookingIntotheWorldofSexualBehaviour,Prion,London.
Haug,M.
,Brain,P.
F.
andAron,C.
(1991a).
HeterotypicalBehaviourinManandAnimals,ChapmanandHall,London.
Haug,M.
,Benton,D.
,Brain,P.
F.
,Olivier,B.
andMos,J.
(1991b).
TheAggressiveFemale,CIP-GegevensKoninklijkeBibliotheek,DenHaag.
ContributorsA.
E.
AckermanDepartmentofZoologyandNeuroscienceProgram,MichiganStateUniversity,NaturalScienceBuilding,EastLansing,MI48824,USAY.
AraiDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANC.
AronInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCEJ.
BalthazartUniversitedeLiege,LaboratoiredeBiochimieGeneraleetComparee,17,PlaceDelcour(bat.
L1),B-4020Liege,BELGIQUEM.
J.
BaumDepartmentofBiology,BostonUniversity,2,CummingtonStreet,Boston,MA02215,USAC.
P.
BenbowDepartmentofPsychology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011-3180,USAP.
F.
BrainSchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityCollegeofSwansea,Swansea,SA28PP,Wales,UKT.
BrandDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSL.
G.
ClemensDepartmentofZoologyandNeuroscienceProgram,MichiganStateUniversity,NaturalScienceBuilding,EastLansing,MI48824,USAA.
ChabliInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCED.
ChateauInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCEx.
ChenCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAxivA.
C.
CliffordCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAM.
DiamondDepartmentofAnatomy,UniversityofHawaii,SchoolofMedicine,1960East-WestRoad,Honolulu,HI96822,USAK.
D.
DOhlerPharmaBissendorfPeptideGmbH,Karl-WiechertAllee3,3000Hannover61,GERMANYA.
H.
EaglyDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,USAA.
FoidartUniversitedeLiege,LaboratoiredeBiochimieGeneraleetComparee,17,PlaceDelcour(bat.
L1),B-4020Liege,BELGIQUEC.
GanzemOlierDepartmentofClinicalEndocrinology,UniversitySchoolofMedicine,3000Hannover61,GERMANYS.
J.
C.
GaulinDepartmentofAnthropology,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15260,USAB.
A.
GladueDepartmentofPsychology,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,NO58105,USAR.
GreenDepartmentofPsychiatryandBiobehavioralSciences,UCLASchoolofMedicine,760WestwoodPlaza,LosAngeles,CA90024-1759,USAA.
GuillamonUniversidadNacionaldeEducationaDistancia,DepartamentodePsicobiologia,P.
O.
Box,Apartadon°50.
487,Madrid,SPAINM.
HaugUniversiteLouisPasteur,LaboratoiredePsychophysiologie,URA1295,7,ruedel'Universite,67000Strasbourg,FRANCEM.
HinesDepartmentofPsychiatryandBiobehavioralSciences,UCLASchoolofMedicine,760WestwoodPlaza,LosAngeles,CA90024-1759,USAE.
J.
HoutsmullerDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSJ.
JuraskaDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofIllinois,603E.
DanielStreet,Champaign,IL61820,USAM.
KailUniversiteReneDescartes(ParisV),LaboratoiredePsychologieExperimentale,URA316,23,rueSerpente,75006Paris,FRANCExvE.
B.
KeverneUniversityofCambridge,Sub-DepartmentofAnimalBehaviour,Madingley,CambridgeCB38AA,UKS.
F.
LuCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAD.
LubinskiDepartmentofPsychology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA50011-3180,USAM.
MachidaDepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANs.
E.
McKennaCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAW.
H.
MeckDepartmentofPsychology,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY10027,USAM.
MiyakawaDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANJ.
MosDupharB.
V.
,DepartmentofPharmacology,P.
O.
Box900,1380DAWeesp,THENETHERLANDSS.
MurakamiDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANM.
NishizukaDepartmentofAnatomy,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANB.
OlivierDepartmentofPsycho-Pharmacology,FacultyofPharmacy,StateUniversityofUtrecht,THENETHERLANDSK.
L.
OlsenNeuroendocrinologyProgram,NationalScienceFoundation,Rm321,1800G.
Street,Washington,DC20550,USAP.
PalanzaUniversitaDegliStudidiParma,DipartimentodiBiologiaeFisiologiaGenerali,SezioneZoologia,VialedelleScienze,43100Parma,ITALYs.
ParmigianiUniversitaDegliStudidiParma,DipartimentodiBiologiaeFisiologiaGenerali,SezioneZoologia,VialedelleScienze,43100Parma,ITALYL.
F.
PetrinovichDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA92521,USAxviC.
SchaefferInstitutd'Histologie,4,rueKirschleger,67085Strasbourg,FRANCES.
SegoviaUniversidadNacionaldeEducationaDistancia,DepartamentodePsicobiologia,P.
O.
Box,Apartadon°50.
487,Madrid,SPAINJ.
P.
SignoretINRA,StationdePhysiologiedelaReproduction,URA1291,CentredeRecherchesdeTours,37380Nouzilly,FRANCEN.
G.
SimonCenterforMolecularBioscienceandBiotechnology,MountaintopCampus111,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA18015,USAA.
K.
SlobDepartmentofEndocrinologyandReproduction,FacultyofMedicineandhealthSciences,ErasmusUniversity,P.
O.
Box1738,3000DRRotterdam,THENETHERLANDSH.
SumidaResearchLaboratories,NipponKayakuCo.
Ltd,Takasaki-City,Gumma270-12,JAPANH.
TakeuchiDepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,JuntendoUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hongo,Tokyo113,JAPANR.
UngerDepartmentofPsychology,MontclairStateUniversity,124RussHall,UpperMontclair,NJ07043,USAC.
VeilDepartmentofClinicalEndocrinology,UniversitySchoolofMedicine,3000Hannover61,GERMANYC.
WagnerInstituteofAnimalBehavior,RutgersUniversity,101WarrenStreet,Newark,NJ07102,USAR.
E.
WhalenDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA92521,USAC.
L.
WilliamsDepartmentofPsychology,BarnardCollegeofColumbiaUniversity,3009Broadway,NewYork,NY10027,USAP.
YahrDepartmentofPsychobiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA92717,USA
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