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12013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二(科目代码:204)考生注意事项1.
答题前,考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名;在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点.
2.
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4.
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5.
考试结束,将答题卡按规定交回.
(以下信息考生必须认真填写)研考英语二试卷条形码考生编号考生姓名绝密启用前都学网|www.
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Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.
(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.
1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.
Indeed,predictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.
Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyitself,"onlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.
Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incomingAlthoughelectronicmeansofpaymentmaybemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaper,severalfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.
First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicati-onsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneythe8formofpayment.
Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethatthey9receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.
Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysof"float"—ittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatthewriterofthecheckcanearninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.
13electronicpaymentsareimmediate,theyeliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.
Fourth,electronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.
Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15there.
Thefactthatthisisnotan16occurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneelse'saccounts.
The18ofthistypeoffraudisnoeasytask,andanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto19securityissues.
Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldata.
Thereareconcernsthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,therebyviolatingourprivacy.
1.
[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise2.
[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.
[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.
[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse都学网|www.
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[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.
[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on7.
[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive8.
[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.
[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.
[A]giveup[B]takeover[C]bringback[D]passdown11.
[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when12.
[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn13.
[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.
[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.
[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.
[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.
[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return18.
[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification19.
[A]copewith[B]fightagainst[C]adaptto[D]callfor20.
[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trailSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.
AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.
MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.
(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled"MakingItinAmerica,"theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,"amanandadog.
Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.
"Davidson'sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.
Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnan都学网|www.
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But,today,averageisofficiallyover.
Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.
Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.
Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.
Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.
Butthere'sbeenanacceleration.
AsDavidsonnotes,"Inthe10yearsendingin2009,U.
S.
factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared.
"Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.
ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.
T.
revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.
Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.
I.
Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.
21.
ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate_______.
A.
theimpactoftechnologicaladvancesB.
thealleviationofjobpressureC.
theshrinkageoftextilemillsD.
thedeclineofmiddle-classincomes22.
AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto_______.
A.
workoncheapsoftwareB.
askforamoderatesalaryC.
adoptanaveragelifestyleD.
contributesomethingunique都学网|www.
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ThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat_______.
A.
gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerasedB.
jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeedC.
factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbeforeD.
newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered24.
Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis_______.
A.
toacceleratetheI.
T.
revolutionB.
toensuremoreeducationforpeopleC.
toadvanceeconomicglobalizationD.
topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury25.
WhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetextA.
NewLawTakesEffectB.
TechnologyGoesCheapC.
AverageIsOverD.
RecessionIsBadText2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.
AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.
Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.
AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.
Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage.
Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.
Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.
WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.
Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.
Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.
Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.
Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.
Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.
Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday'sbirdsofpassage.
Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.
Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.
Theycanmanageto都学网|www.
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Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.
WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.
Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.
Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.
Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.
26.
"Birdsofpassage"referstothosewho_______.
A.
immigrateacrosstheAtlanticB.
leavetheirhomecountriesforgoodC.
stayinaforeigncountrytemporarilyD.
findpermanentjobsoverseas27.
ItisimpliedinParagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUS_______.
A.
needsnewimmigrantcategoriesB.
hasloosenedcontroloverimmigrantsC.
shouldbeadaptedtomeetchallengesD.
hasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeans28.
Accordingtotheauthor,today'sbirdsofpassagewant_______.
A.
financialincentivesB.
aglobalrecognitionC.
opportunitiestogetregularjobsD.
thefreedomtostayandleave29.
Theauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated_______.
A.
asfaithfulpartnersB.
witheconomicfavorsC.
withlegaltoleranceD.
asmightyrivals30.
Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe_______.
A.
ComeandGo:BigMistakeB.
LivingandThriving:GreatRiskC.
WithorWithout:GreatRisk都学网|www.
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LegalorIllegal:BigMistakeText3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.
Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.
Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.
Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.
Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.
Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.
PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.
Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe'redoing.
Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.
Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.
Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.
Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—orhireoutsidescreeners.
JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly"thinslice"informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin"thicksliced"long-termstudy.
WhenDr.
Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds.
Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.
Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.
Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn'tchangedournature.
Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.
31.
Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay_______.
都学网|www.
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varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituationB.
provethecomplexityofourbrainreactionC.
dependontheimportanceoftheassessmentD.
predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgment32.
Ourreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisions_______.
A.
canbeassociativeB.
arenotunconsciousC.
canbedangerousD.
arenotimpulsive33.
Toreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould_______.
A.
trustourfirstimpressionB.
doaspeopleusuallydoC.
thinkbeforeweactD.
askforexpertadvice34.
JohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionarebasedon_______.
A.
criticalassessmentB.
"thinsliced"studyC.
sensibleexplanationD.
adequateinformation35.
Theauthor'sattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis_______.
A.
tolerantB.
uncertainC.
optimisticD.
doubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.
Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniormanagementdecisions,andEurope'stopcorporate-governancepositionsremainoverwhelminglymale.
Indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropeancorporateboards.
TheEuropeanUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen—upto60percent.
Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.
Lastyear,EuropeanCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.
Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalsof40percentfemaleboardmembership.
Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitup.
Doweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporate都学网|www.
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"ButIlikewhatthequotasdo.
"Quotasgetaction:they"openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,"accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.
IunderstandReding'sreluctance—andherfrustration.
Idon'tlikequotaseither;theyruncountertomybeliefinmeritocracy,governancebythecapable.
But,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.
Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeaswellastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotopposition—nomatterhowmuch"softpressure"isputuponthem.
Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower—as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.
Ifappropriatepublicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen—whetherCEOsortheirchildren'scaregivers—andallfamilies,Sandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonlivinginamorejustsociety.
36.
IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally_______.
A.
womentaketheleadB.
menhavethefinalsayC.
corporategovernanceisoverwhelmedD.
seniormanagementisfamily-friendly37.
TheEuropeanUnion'sintendedlegislationis_______.
A.
areflectionofgenderbalanceB.
areluctantchoiceC.
aresponsetoReding'scallD.
avoluntaryaction38.
AccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelpwomen_______.
A.
gettopbusinesspositionsB.
seethroughtheglassceilingC.
balanceworkandfamilyD.
anticipatelegalresults39.
Theauthor'sattitudetowardReding'sappealisoneof_______.
A.
skepticismB.
objectiveness都学网|www.
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indifferenceD.
approval40.
Womenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof_______.
A.
moresocialjusticeB.
massivemediaattentionC.
suitablepublicpoliciesD.
greater"softpressure"PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtestandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA—Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41—45).
Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.
MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.
(10points)[A].
Livelikeapeasant[B].
Balanceyourdiet[C].
Shopkeepersareyourfriends[D].
Remembertotreatyourself[E].
Sticktowhatyouneed[F].
Planningiseverything[G].
Wastenot,wantnotThehugelypopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.
Afterbills,Tonyhas60aweektospend,40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatLondon'sbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.
Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious.
"Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedmylife.
AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.
ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.
Butit'sstilladay-by-daything.
"Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.
He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'llcarryonblogging—notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan—"therearesomany都学网|www.
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Here'shisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.
41.
Impulsivespendingisn'tanoption,soplanyourweek'smenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.
IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.
Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.
It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,being-human,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.
42.
Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.
Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.
Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,say,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.
43.
Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer—that'snotgoodenough.
Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.
Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesyou'lldoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff"willbecookedorjuiced.
44.
Everyonesaysthis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugaleaters.
Shopatbutchers,delisandfish-sellersregularly,evenforsmallthings,andbesuperfriendly.
Soonyou'llfeelcomfortableaskingifthey'veanyknucklesofhamforsoupsandstews,orbeefbones,chickencarcassesandfishheadsforstockwhich,moreoftenthannot,theywillletyouhaveforfree.
45.
Youwon'tbeeatingoutalot,butsaveyourpenniesandonceeveryfewmonthstreatyourselftoasetlunchatagoodrestaurant—1.
75aweekforthreemonthsgivesyou21—morethanenoughforathree-courselunchatMichelin-starredArbutus.
It's16.
95there—or12.
99foralargepizzafromDomino's:IknowwhichI'drathereat.
SectionIIITranslation46.
Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.
Writeyourtranslationonthe都学网|www.
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(15points)Icanpickadatefromthepast53yearsandknowinstantlywhereIwas,whathappenedinthenewsandeventhedayoftheweek.
I'vebeenabletodothis,sinceIwasfour.
Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.
Mymindseemstobeabletocopeandtheinformationisstoredawayneatly.
WhenIthinkofasadmemory,Idowhateverybodydoes—trytoputittooneside.
Idon'tthinkit'sharderformejustbecausemymemoryisclearer.
Powerfulmemorydoesn'tmakemyemotionsanymoreacuteorvivid.
IcanrecallthedaymygrandfatherdiedandthesadnessIfeltwhenwewenttothehospitalthedaybefore.
IalsorememberthatthemusicalplayHairopenedonBroadwayonthesameday—theybothjustpopintomymindinthesameway.
SectionIVWritingPartA47.
Directions:Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysaleforkidsinneedofhelp.
Writeyourclassmatesanemailto1)informthemaboutthedetails,and2)encouragethemtoparticipate.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyourownname.
Use"LiMing"instead.
Donotwriteyouraddress.
(10points)PartB48.
Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.
Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
(15points)都学网|www.
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